Russia USSR 1940's - MNH - Moscow Kremlin - 100 Stamps Full Sheet

Description: RUSSIA 1940's USSR 100 MNH STAMPS FULL SHEET100% Original Old Soviet Stamps YOU ARE BIDDING ON: Russia USSR 1940's - MNH - Moscow Kremlin - 100 Stamps Full Sheet - 1 RoubleCondition: Check the Picture, please Seller: StampLake.com Pro WORLDWIDE SHIPPING FLAT SHIPPING RATES - MULTIPLE ITEMS IN 1 PACKAGE Fast delivery with tracking number for only $7.95 * * $10.95 if more than 0.35 kg incl. pack. Save money on postage - add more than 1 products to cart and request total from the shopping card page. We will send you invoice with combined shipping price for all of your lots. Please note that we ship your order in 1-2 bussines days. Any further delays in shipment are likely the result of the delivery provider. International Shipments may take up to 3 weeks to arrive to their destination. We appreciate your patience and realistic shipping expectations for those Orders. ANY QUESTION? E-MAIL US All items are absolutely guaranteed to be genuine and as described. Buy with confidence-we are professional, full-time dealers in business for many years online on StampLake.com website. We pack and ship your purchases with care and consideration in a timely manner. With us, you can expect First-Class service and helpful consultation at no extra charge. PRODUCT INFORMATION Space programm 1989 soviet union postage set почтовая марка - советский sputnik 1989 Scarce USSR stamp in RARE Mint Never Hinged Fully Gummed condition! Depicts a proud Soviet Russian soldier, a member of the Red Army that heroically repulsed Hitler's troops and victoriously swept all the way to Berlin where it met U.S. Army troops, after a loss of some 6 million Russian lives! Russia did the bulk of the fighting on the Allied side from 1939-45 (the U.S. did not directly confront the Nazis until D-Day 1944), so we have to thank soldiers like this one that we don't live in world portrayed in "The Man in the High Castle". Pristine WW2 era Communist Russia stamp! The history of the Russian post has more than a thousand years. Russian post is one of the oldest in Europe. Birch bark letter (XII century) Birch bark letter (XII century) Content 1 Post in Russia 2 Russian Empire 2.1 In the 18th century 2.2 In the 19th century 2.3 Zemstvo post 2.4 Russian post abroad 3 Soviet period 4 Russian Federation 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Literature 9 Links Post in Russia The beginning and development of postal business in Russia dates back to the time of natural postal duty, which consisted in giving the princely messenger a horse and feed. In Kievan Rus, already in the 10th century, there was a “cart” - the duty of the population to provide horses “from camp to camp” for princely messengers and servants. The subsequent history of Russian mail is connected with pits - postal stations established in the 13th century, during the Golden Horde period, for quick communication with its outskirts. Yamskaya duty was served by the entire surrounding population, which was obliged to deliver horses with guides to certain points. In the period after the Golden Horde, the pit service was further developed on Russian soil. By the XV-XVI centuries, postal communication was established throughout the country [2]. The distance between the stations was 40-100 miles. For peasants and townspeople there was a draft duty to carry messengers and messengers. Under Ivan III (1462-1505), the device of the yamskaya chase was under the personal control of the Moscow prince, who signed travel letters for the right to use the means of communication. The direction, the number of carts, horses and food were indicated in the travellers. For example, for a boyar’s trip on official business from Moscow to Novgorod, in each pit yard, he was provided with 13 carts, “a lamb carcass, and the skin back, three chickens and bread.” In the 16th century, royal letters, orders, and sometimes private letters were carried from one point to another by messengers - courier. They were entrusted with the delivery of usually one letter or one letter. Coachmen transported both letters and luggage and people. At the same time, the Yamskaya Prikaz was established to oversee the coachmen and deliver state papers (since 1516). Early history of Russian mail on stamps of the USSR Russian equestrian messenger, 1988 (CFA [Marka JSC] No. 6013) Russian equestrian messenger, 1988 (CFA [Marka JSC] No. 6013) Princely scribe of the 15th century, 1958 (TSFA [Marka JSC] No. 2203) Princely scribe of the 15th century, 1958 (TSFA [Marka JSC] No. 2203) Messenger of the 16th century, 1958 (CFA [Marka JSC] No. 2204) Messenger of the 16th century, 1958 (CFA [Marka JSC] No. 2204) At the beginning of the 17th century, under Boris Godunov, all cases of yamskaya persecution were concentrated in the Yamsky order. In those days, under favorable conditions, mail traveled from Moscow to the Swedish border within three weeks, but during the spring thaw it took much longer. On May 18, 1665, between the order of Secret Affairs (the body that dealt with issues that were of interest to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich personally) and the Dutchman Jan van Sweden, an agreement was concluded on the organization of mail. Van Sveden undertook to bring to the Secret Order "messages of all sorts of Caesar, Spanish, French, Polish, Svei, Datsk, Aglian, Italian, Galan and Nederlyan lands ...". For expenses, he was allocated 500 rubles in money and 500 rubles of sable skins. In reality, van Sveden brought European newspapers, on the basis of which press reviews (chimes) were prepared for the tsar and the Boyar Duma [4]. In addition, the Dutch entrepreneur received the right to send foreign merchants' diplomas abroad and keep the payment for them. The first postal line connected Moscow with Riga. The difference between the mail and the Yamskaya chase was that the Yamskaya chase could quickly deliver one important dispatch to a specific address. European mail, on the other hand, went more slowly, but regularly; before sending it, it was possible to collect a large number of letters and send each of them at a strictly defined time to any point along the postal line. The European experience was needed when the needs of the Russian Foreign Ministry made it necessary to raise information exchange to a new level. In the vast majority of areas, the Russian authorities continued to use the Yamskaya chase for many decades. The post office turned out to be a very profitable enterprise. In 1668, van Sveden learned that a foreigner, Leonty Marselis, whose family was patronized by the head of the Russian Foreign Ministry, A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin, was claiming the right to maintain mail. A bargaining was arranged between Marselis and van Sweden, as a result of which Marselis won, pledging to supply “all kinds of genuine statements” for the needs of the Russian government free of charge if the correspondence was carried by state coachmen obeying the Yamsky order[6]. Marselis' first post was “released” from Moscow to Riga on September 17, 1668, and on March 1, 1669, a postal line between Moscow and Vilna started operating[7]. Marselis paid back his expenses due to the fact that, relying on the support of A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin, he achieved a ban on foreign merchants to send letters otherwise than through his mail. At the same time, shipping costs have increased. The hard work of the coachmen of that time is evidenced by a letter to the Novgorod governor boyar Prince Urusov (1684): ... Our Great Sovereigns have sent a letter to you, ordered the coachmen, who drive baggy and blundering with the mail, to inflict punishment, beat the boats mercilessly, and continue to order them to drive from pit to pit with mail with great haste day and night, on good horses, and they would stand in the pit at the indicated hours and the drivers themselves would drive along the queues that were selected for that chase, and they would send their workers, and they wouldn’t hire anyone, but they wouldn’t stand anywhere and didn’t linger in the pits. And they were ordered to drive in the summer at an hour for seven miles, and in autumn and winter for five miles, and in that postmen are disobedient, they don’t drive at night. Russian empire In the 18th century Title page of the postal map of European Russia in 1842 Title page of the postal map of European Russia in 1842 During the time of Peter I, there was a further development of the postal service. In 1693, a postal line to Arkhangelsk appeared, and in 1689-1698 a postal connection was established between Moscow and Siberian cities. Since 1716, the postal line Moscow - St. Petersburg began to work. Under Peter I, the first post offices were established in Moscow (1711[10]), Riga (1712?), St. Petersburg (1714), post offices appeared in many cities. To serve the army in 1712-1716, a military field post was created. In 1721, Peter I introduced the post of general post director (general postmaster), to whom he subordinated the post office and the post office, but only in 1782 the "German" and post offices were finally merged into a single organization. As a result of this reform, postal institutions acquired a clear hierarchical structure. Post offices were the highest bodies, provincial postmasters were subordinate to them, and county postmasters were subordinate to provincial postmasters. Postal stations became the lowest level of local postal administration. In 1723, the Yamskaya Prikaz was renamed the Yamskaya Chancellery. By 1725, the total length of postal routes was 10,677 miles. Starting from the first quarter of the 18th century, new post branches began to be established more and more often. However, the establishment of regular postal communications, even with large cities, dragged on for decades: only by decree of 1740 did post offices appear in all the main cities of provinces and counties [9]. The Marquis de la Chétardie wrote about mail in Russia in 1740 that, apart from mail from St. Petersburg and Moscow abroad, there were no other posts in Russia. All orders and other correspondence abroad and other places where the troops are located are sent by courier, for the most part from non-commissioned officers. As for internal relations among themselves, the Russian merchants carry out their trading operations for the most part in the winter; the convenience of the sledge-way afforded them the means of traveling at very little cost, on their own horses, and almost as soon as by mail. According to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, in 1781, in addition to letters and parcels, they began to send money by mail and the delivery of correspondence by postmen was introduced. In the 19th century In the 1820s, the first post stagecoaches appeared in Russia. In 1840, a "department of postal coaches and a brick" was opened in St. Petersburg. Only competition from the railroad gradually brought to naught the transportation of passengers by postal transport[9]. In 1831, the Regulations on the Establishment of Free Post Offices in Russia were published. On January 17, 1833, the first intracity post office in Russia was opened in St. Petersburg, which was reported on January 29, 1833 in the St. Petersburg Vedomosti. The city was divided into 17 postal districts. There were 45 points for receiving letters. Correspondence was picked up 3 times a day, delivered to the post office, sorted and delivered to the recipients. The uniform of the postman of the Russian Empire and his bag (number 60 is indicated on the cap) The uniform of the postman of the Russian Empire and his bag (number 60 is indicated on the cap) In the 19th century there was a rapid growth in the number of postal institutions. If by the beginning of the century in Russia there were about 460 postal institutions with 5 thousand employees, then as of 1896 there were over 33.8 thousand people in the postal and telegraph department. In 1843, a single postal rate was introduced for sending correspondence (except international) regardless of distance, which made it possible to significantly simplify postage and collection of correspondence[9]. The implementation of the postal reform of 1843 and the establishment from January 1, 1844 of payment for letters only by weight, regardless of distance, created the prerequisites for the use of postage signs in Russia. On January 1, 1845, stamped envelopes (“couverts”) were introduced on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Finland. From December 1 of the same year, similar envelopes were introduced for the city mail of St. Petersburg, and from February 27, 1846 - in Moscow. Since 1848, stamped envelopes issued by the Postal Department began to be used everywhere in Russia. Until the end of the 1840s, letters from the population were accepted only at post offices. Later, correspondence began to be accepted in small shops, and then, after the appearance of postage stamps in 1857, and simply through mailboxes. By 1896, the number of mailboxes exceeded 15.2 thousand pieces. For a long time, the main volume of mail forwarding was government (official) correspondence. It was not until the reform years of the 1860s that private shipping began to predominate over the state. This had a positive effect on financial performance: if back in 1884 the post office brought the treasury 1 million rubles. loss, then in 1896 the net total income from the post and telegraph exceeded 12.7 million rubles. Since 1864, obligatory payment for foreign correspondence with postage stamps has been introduced in Russia. In 1874, the Russian Empire was among the first states to sign the Universal Postal Convention and became a member of the Universal Postal Union. In 1878, the principles adopted unanimously at the Paris World Postal Congress by all European governments began to be used in the Russian postal system. Zemstvo post Main article: Zemstvo post On January 1, 1864, zemstvos were formed in Russia - local self-government bodies. In 1865, the zemstvos were allowed to establish a post office with their own rules and taxes, and to have their own postage stamps. Zemstvo mail existed in almost all counties. At the same time as stamps, stamped envelopes were issued in some places. Russian post abroad Main article: Russian post abroad In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, to ensure communication between various Russian public and private organizations and individuals outside the Russian Empire, in regions where official or local mail was considered unreliable, the Russian government began to create its own post offices. For the needs of these offices, ordinary Russian stamps were used or special postage stamps and whole things were issued by the EZGB (and sometimes locally), and stamps were made. The denominations of postal payment signs were indicated in Russian or local currency, and the cost of sending correspondence, as a rule, corresponded to the tariffs in force in Russia during this period. Soviet period Postal block "One Hundred Years of the Russian Postage Stamp" (USSR, 1958), illustrating the development of post in the Soviet era. On the field of the block - the Moscow Kremlin Postal block "One Hundred Years of the Russian Postage Stamp" (USSR, 1958), illustrating the development of post in the Soviet era. On the field of the block - the Moscow Kremlin The Decree of October 26, 1917 on the formation of the Workers' and Peasants' Government, issued among the first decrees of the Soviet government, provided for the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs (Narkompostel) as part of the Soviet government[16]. In 1918, a civil war began on the territory of the RSFSR. Despite this, the postal service functioned, interrupted and restored depending on the course of hostilities. On April 16, 1918, in order to centralize the activities of the post office, as well as in order to combat the boycott by the telegraph and postal employees of the previous regime, a Decree was issued on organizing the management of the postal and telegraph business. This Decree abolished the old postal positions of the head of the postal and telegraph district, the postal director, the head of the telegraph department, the head of the mail transportation department by rail, their assistants and chief mechanics. To manage each postal and telegraph district, a collegium was introduced, headed by a commissar, who was approved by the people's commissar from among the candidates presented by the regional or provincial body of Soviet power. The decree specifically forbade all Soviet authorities to interfere in the affairs of the post office (any wishes had to be submitted to the People's Commissariat for Postal Service)[17]. From January 1, 1919 to August 15, 1921, free forwarding of ordinary letters and postcards was introduced in the RSFSR. During the years of World War I and then the Civil War, the country's postal economy fell into decay, but with the end of the Civil War, postal routes were restored, and international postal exchange with countries that were members of the Universal Postal Union resumed. Russian Federation See also: Russian Post In Soviet times, postal and telecommunication enterprises were united, existing first as part of the regional and republican communications departments, and then as part of state communications and informatics enterprises; at the head of the hierarchy of communication institutions was the Ministry of Communications of the USSR[18]. After the collapse of the USSR, it was decided to separate the postal service into an independent industry: on November 16, 1992, the Federal Postal Administration under the Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation was formed[19]. By order of the Ministry of Communications, from January 1, 1993, territorial (regional, regional, republican) departments of the federal postal service (UFPS) and postal institutions of Moscow and St. Petersburg were formed as part of the Federal Postal Administration. The same order approved the list of works on the separation of postal and electrical communication structures and the principles of separation of postal and electrical communications. In 1994, a professional holiday for postal workers, Russian Post Day, was established[21]. In addition, in 1997, in order to restore the heraldic traditions of the Russian post and increase its authority, the flag and emblem of the organizations of the federal postal service of the Russian Federation were established. On October 17, 1995, the Federal Postal Administration was reorganized into the Federal Postal Service of the Russian Federation (FSPS of Russia)[23]. On August 14, 1996, the Federal Postal Service was abolished, and its functions were transferred to the Russian Ministry of Communications. In 1996, the Ministry of Communications of Russia, for the first time in the centuries-old history of the existence of Russian mail, decided to break the state postal monopoly on certain postal services, as a result of which commercial postal companies appeared in Russia. The services of the new companies included courier delivery of postal items, pensions and benefits, parcel forwarding, distribution of periodicals. Another presidential decree in 1997 restored the heraldic traditions of the Russian mail - the emblem and the flag. In 1998, the country's postal network included 149 post offices, 28 mail transportation offices at railway stations and airports, and 43,000 post offices. The gross income of the state postal service in 1997 amounted to 9 billion rubles[25]. On June 28, 2002, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the concept of restructuring the organizations of the federal postal service. Since September of the same year, the unification of all existing federal postal organizations and their transformation into the federal state unitary enterprise (FSUE) Russian Post began [27]. The merger process was completed in 2009, when the postal service of the Republic of Tatarstan - "Tatarstan pochtasy" (the last of the independent regional postal services) became part of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise [28]. In 2016, together with VTB 24, on the basis of Postal Finance and Leto-bank, the Post Bank enterprise was formed (in 2017, the 50th in the rating of banks with assets of 122.6 billion rubles and deposits of citizens of 34 billion rubles .). On June 28, 2002, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the concept of restructuring the organizations of the federal postal service. Since September of the same year, the unification of all existing federal postal organizations and their transformation into the federal state unitary enterprise (FSUE) Russian Post began [27]. The merger process was completed in 2009, when the postal service of the Republic of Tatarstan - "Tatarstan pochtasy" (the last of the independent regional postal services) became part of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise [28]. In 2016, together with VTB 24, on the basis of Postal Finance and Leto-bank, the Post Bank enterprise was formed (in 2017, the 50th in the rating of banks with assets of 122.6 billion rubles and deposits of citizens of 34 billion rubles .). As of 2017, the FSUE Russian Post includes 80 regional branches, the Main Center for Mainline Mail Transportation, the express delivery service EMS Russian Post, and others. The number of employees was about 351,000 people. Income from financial services amounted to RUB 46.5 billion, and retail press sales amounted to RUB 4.6 billion. On October 1, 2019, FSUE Russian Post was reorganized into Russian Post JSC. LITERATURE INFO Boltikov V. For official use: field mail: information without the stamp "Secret" // Brother: journal. - M .: LLC "Vityaz-Brother", 2010. - No. 11. - ISSN 9771607677001. Archived on March 3, 2011. (Accessed: March 5, 2016) Vigilev A. N. History of domestic mail: At 2 hours - M .: Svyaz, 1977, 1979. - 160 + 160 p. [2nd ed., 1990.] (Accessed: April 20, 2011) Vitashevskaya M. N. Old Russian mail. — M.: Svyazizdat, 1962. — 80 p. From the history of St. Petersburg Post. 1703-1914 / Comp. M. A. Dobin and L. G. Ratner. - St. Petersburg: Standard Collection, 2004. - 352 p. - ISBN 978-5-902275-07-7. (In Russian and English.) (Date of access: April 20, 2011) (unavailable link) Retrieved September 2018. Karnovich E.P. Russian mail in the 17th and early 18th centuries // Historical Bulletin: journal. - St. Petersburg: Type. A. S. Suvorin, 1884. - T. XV. - S. 615-625. Kozlovsky I.P. The first post offices and the first postmasters in the Moscow state. - Warsaw: Type. Warsaw educational district, 1913. Volume I (study text). — 536 p. Volume II (appendices to the study). — 523, II, 69, III p. Russian postal history - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. (Accessed: June 19, 2011) Mail // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907. Postal signs // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907. Guide to all postal routes of the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Finland: in 5 parts / comp. in the Military Topographic Survey. Depot. - St. Petersburg, 1829. - 188 p. Russia // Big Philatelic Dictionary / N. I. Vladinets, L. I. Ilyichev, I. Ya. Levitas ... [and others]; under total ed. N. I. Vladints and V. A. Jacobs. - M .: Radio and communication, 1988. - S. 244-245. - 40,000 copies. — ISBN 5-256-00175-2. Russia / Economic Department / Post, telegraph, telephone // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907. Communication // Moscow Central Archives. Foundation Guide: Vol. 4. - M .: Publishing house of the association "Mosgorarkhiv", 2000. (Accessed: December 8, 2008) Semyonova E. A real martyr of the 14th grade // Nezavisimaya gazeta. - 2006. - No. 6 (3686). - January 17. (Accessed: December 8, 2008) Sorkin E. B. Mail hurries to people. - M .: Knowledge, 1977. - 128 p. (Accessed: June 15, 2011) Russian Post // Philatelic Dictionary / Comp. O. Ya. Basin. - M .: Communication, 1968. - 164 p. (Accessed: November 24, 2017) Tyukov V. M. Russian stamps and signs of postage. Big encyclopedia. - M .: EKSMO, Our word, 2011. - S. 5-146. - ISBN 978-5-699-47412-7. Khrushchov I.P. Essay on Yamsk and postal institutions from ancient times to the reign of Catherine II. - St. Petersburg: Type. A. S. Suvorin, 1884. - X, 87 p. Shamin S. M. Letters, letters, chimes. The first regular mail in Russia // Motherland. - 2001. - No. 12. - S. 10-15. Prigara S. V. The Russian Post in the Empire, Turkey, China, and the Post in the Kingdom of Poland. - N. Y., NY, USA: Rossica Society of Russian Philately [en], 1981. - 196 p. (English) (Date of access: September 10, 2015) Archived copy. Retrieved September 10, 2015. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Links Russian Postal History: Books on Wikibooks Media files at Wikimedia Commons Page "History of the Company" on the official website of the company "Russian Post" (Date of access: December 8, 2008) [www.philately.h14.ru/post-ru.html "Russian Post"] - e-book by N. I. Vladints on the site "Philately Literature, Geography"] (Accessed: December 8, 2008) Subsection “2.2. Russian Empire → 2.2.2. History of Russian Post” of the Information Center “Russia and the World”. Russia (English). Stamp Atlas. Sandafayre Stamp Auctions. Retrieved April 13, 2009. Archived from the original on February 15, 2012. History of postal service on the Belpochta website (Date of access: December 8, 2008) The history of Russian mail on the portal "Philatelist.ru" Archival copy dated September 27, 2007 at the Wayback Machine (Date of access: December 8, 2008) Gorlov Boris (X-TEAM.Ru). The history of the development of mail and stamps in Russia (inaccessible link - history). Hobby. Collections. Earticle.ru Online Library of Articles (January 23, 2007). Retrieved: 20 October 2009. "History of the Moscow Post" (inaccessible link). Retrieved December 9, 2008. Archived from the original on January 5, 2012. - an article on the official website of the Federal Post Office of the City of Moscow - a branch of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Russian Post (Date of access: December 8, 2008) (inaccessible link) Retrieved September 2018. "History of the Smolensk Post" - an e-book by Viktor Gurov on the website of the Union of Philatelists of Russia (Accessed: December 8, 2008) "History of the Crimean Post" - information on the website of the Crimean Directorate of UGPPS "Ukrposhta" (Date of access: December 8, 2008) Arch OTHER INFO ABOUT THE PRODUCT Russian Federation Army Man wit Equipment Sowjetischer Kollektivbauer Briefmarke grün Soviet collective farmerGreen woman 15 kopeck - kopecks - Kopeker 1/6.7 Roubles - Rouble - Rubl USSR stamp - marka marki sssrРосси́йская Федерaция (Russian) Rossiyskaya Federatsiya Flag of Russia Flag Coat of arms of Russia Coat of arms Anthem: "Gosudarstvenny gimn Rossiyskoy Federatsii (Slav'sya otechestvo, nashe svobodnoye Bratsih narodov, soyuz vekovoy) " (transliteration) "State Anthem of the Russian Federation" Location of Russia (green) Russian-administered Crimea (disputed; light green)a Location of Russia (green) Russian-administered Crimea (disputed; light green)a Capital and largest city Moscow 55°45′N 37°37′E Official languages Russian Recognised national languages See Languages of Russia Ethnic groups (2010[1]) 81.0% Russian 3.7% Tatar 1.4% Ukrainian 1.1% Bashkir 1.0% Chuvash 0.8% Chechen 11.0% others / unspecified Religion See Religion in Russia Demonym Russian Government Federal semi-presidential constitutional republic[2] • President Vladimir Putin • Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev • Chairman of the Federation Council Valentina Matviyenko • Chairman of the State Duma Vyacheslav Volodin Legislature Federal Assembly • Upper house Federation Council • Lower house State Duma Formation • Arrival of Rurik[3] 862 • Kievan Rus' 882 • Grand Duchy of Moscow 1283 • Tsardom 16 January 1547 • Empire 22 October 1721 • Republic 14 September 1917 • Russian State 23 September 1918 • Russian SFSR 7 November (25 October, OS), 1917 • Soviet Union 30 December 1922 • Sovereignty Declaration 12 June 1990 • CIS Declaration 8 December 1991b • Russian SFSR renamed into the Russian Federation 25 December 1991b • Current constitution 12 December 1993 Area • Total 17,075,200[4] km2 (6,592,800 sq mi) (1st) • Water (%) 13[5] (including swamps) Population • 2018 estimate 144,526,636 Increase[6] (without Crimea)[7] (9th) • Density 8.4/km2 (21.8/sq mi) (225th) GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate • Total $4.152 trillion[8] (6th) • Per capita $28,918[8] (49th) GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate • Total $1.522 trillion[8] (12th) • Per capita $10,630[8] (67th) Gini (2015) Positive decrease 37.7[9] medium · 98 HDI (2015) Increase 0.804[10] very high · 49th Currency Russian ruble (₽) (RUB) Time zone (UTC+2 to +12) Date format dd.mm.yyyy Drives on the right Calling code +7 ISO 3166 code RU Internet TLD .ru .su .рф The Crimean Peninsula is recognized as territory of Ukraine by a majority of UN member nations, but is de facto administered by Russia.[11] The Belavezha Accords was signed in Brest, Belarus on December 8, creating the Commonwealth of Independent States in which the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR ratified the accords on December 12, denouncing the 1922 treaty. On December 25, Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation and the following the day on December 26, the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union ratified the accords, effectively dissolving the Soviet Union. Russia (Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]), also officially known as the Russian Federation[12] (Russian: Росси́йская Федерaция, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə]), is a sovereign country in Eurasia.[13] At 17,125,200 square kilometres (6,612,100 sq mi),[14] Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area,[15][16][17] and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people at the end of December 2017.[6] About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD.[18] Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire,[19] beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium.[19] Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century.[20] The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of Kievan Rus'. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east.[21][22] Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state.[23] The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II,[24][25] and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[26][27][28] Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and sole successor state of the Soviet Union.[29] It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015.[30] Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world,[31] making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally.[32][33] The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[34] Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of the G20, the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. History Timeline Proto-Indo-Europeans Scythians East Slavs Rus' Khaganate Kievan Rus' Novgorod Republic Vladimir-Suzdal Grand Duchy of Moscow Tsardom of Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Russian SFSR Soviet Union Russian Federation By topic Economy Military Journalism ‎ Postal Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg Geography Subdivisions Borders Earthquakes Geology European Russia Caucasus Mountains North Caucasus Caspian Sea Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Siberia Russian Far East North Asia Extreme points Cities and towns Islands Lakes Rivers Volcanoes Climate Mountains Politics Conscription Constitution Elections Presidential elections Federal budget Foreign relations Freedom of assembly Freedom of press Media Government Human rights Judiciary Law Citizenship Civil Service Law enforcement (Prisons) Liberalism Military Opposition Political parties President of Russia Economy Agriculture Aircraft industry Car industry Banking Central Bank Corruption Defence industry 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Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl Federal cities Moscow St. Petersburg Sevastopol1 Autonomous oblast Jewish Autonomous okrugs Chukotka Khanty-Mansi2 Nenets3 Yamalo-Nenets2 1Claimed by Ukraine and considered by most of the international community to be part of Ukraine 2Administratively subordinated to Tyumen Oblast 3Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast Internal additional non-constitutional divisions by different institutions Economic regions (by Ministry of Economic Development) Military districts (by Ministry of Defence) Federal districts (by President) Judicial districts (by law "On arbitration courts") [hide] v t e World Heritage Sites in Russia by federal district Kizhi Pogost Palace Square, Saint Petersburg Moscow Kremlin Central Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye Moscow Kremlin and Red Square Novodevichy Convent Trinity Sergius Lavra White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal Historic Centre of Yaroslavl Klyuchevskaya Sopka Volcano Lake Baikal Katun River in Altai Mountains Southern Western Caucasus Northwestern Curonian Spit1 Ferapontov Monastery Kizhi Pogost Virgin Komi Forests Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Surroundings Solovetsky Islands Struve Geodetic Arc2 Far Eastern Lena Pillars Volcanoes of Kamchatka Central Sikhote-Alin Wrangel Island Siberian Golden Mountains of Altai Lake Baikal Landscapes of Dauria3 Putorana Plateau Uvs Nuur Basin3 Volga Assumption Cathedral of Sviyazhsk Bolghar Kazan Kremlin North Caucasian Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent 1 Shared with Lithuania 2 Shared with nine other countries 3 Shared with Mongolia [hide] v t e People from Russia Political and religious leaders Pre-1168 1168–1917 1922–1991 1991–present RSFSR leaders 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Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland1 Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary (with borders).svg States with limited recognition Abkhazia2 Artsakh2 Kosovo Northern Cyprus2 South Ossetia2 Transnistria Dependencies Denmark Faroe Islands1 autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia2 Sovereign Base Areas Gibraltar British Overseas Territory Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Crown dependencies Special areas of internal sovereignty Finland Åland Islands autonomous region subject to the Åland Convention of 1921 Norway Svalbard unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty United Kingdom Northern Ireland country of the United Kingdom subject to the British-Irish Agreement 1 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[hide] v t e Countries and dependencies of Asia Abkhazia Afghanistan Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cyprus Egypt Georgia Hong Kong India British Indian Ocean Territory Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Ossetia Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand East Timor (Timor-Leste) Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Asia (orthographic projection).svg [hide] v t e Countries bordering the Baltic Sea Denmark Estonia Finland Germany Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Sweden [hide] v t e Black Sea Countries bordering the Black Sea Bulgaria Georgia Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine Cities Batumi Burgas Constanța Giresun Hopa Istanbul Kerch Mangalia Năvodari Novorossiysk Odessa Ordu Poti Rize Samsun Sevastopol Sochi Sukhumi1 Trabzon Varna Yalta Zonguldak 1 Disputed statehood — partial international recognition, but considered by most countries to be Georgian territory. [hide] International organizations [hide] v t e Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Nations Australia Brunei Canada Chile China Hong Kong¹ Indonesia Japan South Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Russia Singapore Chinese Taipei² Thailand United States Vietnam Summits 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Other APEC Business Travel Card APEC blue APEC Climate Center APEC Youth Science Festival 1. A special administrative region of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China"; 2. 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China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao China". Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", and "Chinese Taipei" in short. he Soviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr. Sovétsky Soyúz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt͡skʲɪj sɐˈjus] (About this sound listen)), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyúz Sovétskikh Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik, IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] (About this sound listen)), abbreviated as the USSR (Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR), was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national Soviet republics,[a] its government and economy were highly centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital in its largest republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Other major urban centres were Leningrad, Kiev, Minsk, Tashkent and Novosibirsk. The Soviet Union was one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possessed the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.[7] It was a founding permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, as well as a member of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the leading member of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the Warsaw Pact. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917, when the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced Tsar Nicholas II during World War I. In 1922, after a civil war, the Soviet Union was formed with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian and Byelorussian republics. Following Lenin's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Under Stalin's leadership, the Soviet Union transitioned from a market economy into a centrally planned economy which led to a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization. As industrial production skyrocketed, the Soviet Union achieved full employment, implemented a universal healthcare system, sharply reduced illiteracy, and provided guarantees of paid vacations, rest homes, and recreational clubs. This period of industrialization was a time of enormous improvements in the standard of living for millions of people in the country, starkly contrasting with the situations of other countries during the Great Depression, but was also a time characterized by major institutional shortcomings and failures. In the 1930s, with the rise of fascism in Europe, the Communist Party pursued aggressive campaigns to suppress potential counter-revolution, fermenting political paranoia which culminated in the Great Purge in which extrajudicial arrests and executions of suspected counter-revolutionaries led to an estimated 600,000 deaths. As a result of these mass arrests, penal labor through the Gulag system was used to construct infrastructure projects, though this consistently proved to be an inefficient system throughout its existence.[8] Increased demand for agricultural products to pay for industrialization combined with a relatively low harvest yield led to the famine of 1932–33 in which an estimated 2.4 to 4 million people died in the country's agricultural centers of Ukraine, southern Russia, and Kazakhstan.[9][10] After the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany, Stalin tried repeatedly to form an anti-fascist alliance with other European countries. However, finding no support, shortly before World War II, the Soviet Union became the last major country to sign a treaty with Germany with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, after which the two countries invaded Poland in September 1939. In June 1941, the pact collapsed as Germany invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theatre of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad and Kursk. The territories overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Soviet Union; the postwar division of Europe into capitalist and communist halves would lead to increased tensions with the West, led by the United States. The Cold War emerged by 1947, as the Eastern Bloc, united under the Warsaw Pact in 1955, confronted the Western Bloc, united under NATO in 1949. On 5 March 1953, Stalin died and was quickly succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev, who in 1956 denounced Stalin and began the De-Stalinization of Soviet society through the Khrushchev Thaw. The Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race, with the first artificial satellite and the first human spaceflight. Khrushchev was removed from power by his colleagues in 1964 and was succeeded as head of state by Leonid Brezhnev. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, but tensions resumed with the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost (government transparency) and perestroika (openness, restructuring). Under Gorbachev, the role of the Communist Party in governing the state was removed from the constitution, causing a surge of severe political instability to set in. The Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989, Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist governments. With the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the union republics, Gorbachev tried to avert a dissolution of the Soviet Union in the post-Cold War era. A March 1991 referendum, boycotted by some republics, resulted in a majority of participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the union as a renewed federation. Gorbachev's power was greatly diminished after Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a high-profile role in facing down an abortive August 1991 coup d'état attempted by Communist Party hardliners. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged as independent post-Soviet states. The Russian Federation—formerly the Russian SFSR—assumed the Soviet Union's rights and obligations and is recognized as the successor state of the Soviet Union.[11][12][13] In summing up the international ramifications of these events, Vladislav Zubok stated: "The collapse of the Soviet empire was an event of epochal geopolitical, military, ideological and economic significance. Soviet Union topics History Index of Soviet Union-related articles Russian Revolution February October Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War (World War II) Cold War Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg Geography Subdivisions Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics General Constitution Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State ideology Marxism–Leninism Leninism Stalinism Bodies Communist Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress General Secretary Congress of Soviets (1922–1936) Supreme Soviet (1938–1991) Congress of People's Deputies (1989–1991) Supreme Court Offices Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB Political repression Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images Economy Agriculture Central Bank Energy policy Five-Year Plans Net material product Inventions Ruble (currency) Internet domain Transport Science Communist Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list Society Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT Culture Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture Opposition Soviet dissidents and their groups list Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics Template Templates Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism Wikipedia book Book Category Category Commons page Commons Portal Portal WikiProject WikiProject [hide] Administrative division of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) Principal Armenia Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia1 Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia1 Lithuania1 Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan State Emblem of the Soviet Union Short-lived Karelo-Finnish SSR (1940–1956) Transcaucasian SFSR (1922–1936) Non-union republics SSR Abkhazia (1921–1931) Bukharan SSR (1920–1925) Khorezm SSR (1920–1925) Nakhichevan ASSR (1920–1923) Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR (1990–1991) South Ossetian SR (1990–1991) 1The annexation of the Baltic republics in 1940 was considered as an illegal occupation and was not recognized by the majority of the international community such as the United States, United Kingdom and the European Community. The Soviet Union officially recognized their independence on September 6, 1991, prior to its final dissolution three months later. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union Soviet Union By name Abkhaz Adjar Bashkir Buryat1 Chechen-Ingush Chuvash Crimean Dagestan Gorno-Altai Kabardin Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Karakalpak Karelian Kazak2 Kirghiz2 Kirghiz Komi Mari Moldavian Mordovian Mountain Nakhchivan North Ossetian Tajik Tatar Turkestan Tuva Udmurt Volga German Yakut Coat of arms of the Soviet Union By year established 1918–1924 Turkestan 1918–1941 Volga German 1919–1990 Bashkir 1920–1925 Kirghiz2 1920–1990 Tatar 1921–1990 Adjar 1921–1945 Crimean 1921–1991 Dagestan 1921–1924 Mountain 1921–1990 Nakhchivan 1922–1991 Yakut 1923–1990 Buryat1 1923–1940 Karelian 1924–1940 Moldavian 1924–1929 Tajik 1925–1992 Chuvash 1925–1936 Kazak2 1926–1936 Kirghiz 1931–1991 Abkhaz 1932–1992 Karakalpak 1934–1990 Mordovian 1934–1990 Udmurt 1935–1943 Kalmyk 1936–1944 Chechen-Ingush 1936–1944 Kabardino-Balkar 1936–1990 Komi 1936–1990 Mari 1936–1990 North Ossetian 1944–1957 Kabardin 1956–1991 Karelian 1957–1990 Chechen-Ingush 1957–1991 Kabardino-Balkar 1958–1990 Kalmyk 1961–1992 Tuva 1990–1991 Gorno-Altai 1991–1992 Crimean 1 Buryat–Mongol until 1958. 2 Kazak ASSR was called Kirghiz ASSR until 1925. [hide] v t e Flag of the Soviet Union.svg Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union Soviet Union Adyghe Chechen–Ingush Chechen Ingush Chuvash Gorno-Altai Gorno-Badakhshan Jewish Kabardino-Balkar Kalmyk Kara-Kirghiz Karachay-Cherkess Cherkess Karachay Kara-Kalpak Komi-Zyryan Khakas Mari Moldavian Nagorno-Karabakh North Ossetian South Ossetian Tuvan Udmurt Coat of arms of the Soviet Union [hide] v t e Socialism by country By country American Left Australia British Left Canada Estonia France Hong Kong India Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan History Brazil United Kingdom United States Regional variants African Arab British Burmese Chinese Israeli Melanesian Nicaraguan Tanzanian Venezuelan Vietnamese Communist states Africa Angola Benin Congo-Brazzaville Ethiopia (1974–1987) Ethiopia (1987–1991) Madagascar Mozambique Somalia Americas Cuba Grenada Asia Afghanistan Cambodia (1976–1979) Cambodia (1979–1993) China North Korea Laos Mongolia Tuva Vietnam North Vietnam South Yemen Short-lived Gilan Iranian Azerbaijan Kurdish Republic of Mahabad South Vietnam Soviet China Europe Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary (1949–1989) Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia Short-lived Alsace-Lorraine Bavaria Bremen Finland Hungary (1919) Galicia Ireland Slovakia (1919) History of socialism [hide] v t e Eastern Bloc Soviet Union Communism Formation Secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact protocol Soviet invasion of Poland Soviet occupations Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Baltic states Hungary Romania Yalta Conference Annexed as, or into, SSRs Eastern Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Memel East Prussia West Belarus Western Ukraine Moldavia Satellite states Hungarian People's Republic Polish People's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People's Republic of Albania (to 1961) People's Republic of Bulgaria Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (to 1948) Annexing SSRs Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Organizations Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY) Revolts and opposition Welles Declaration Goryani Movement Forest Brothers Ukrainian Insurgent Army Operation Jungle Baltic state continuity Baltic Legations (1940–1991) Cursed soldiers Rebellion of Cazin 1950 1953 uprising in Plzeň 1953 East German uprising 1956 Georgian demonstrations 1956 Poznań protests 1956 Hungarian Revolution Novocherkassk massacre 1965 Yerevan demonstrations Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 Red Square demonstration 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade 1968 protests in Kosovo 1970 Polish protests Croatian Spring 1972 unrest in Lithuania SSR June 1976 protests Solidarity / Soviet reaction / Martial law 1981 protests in Kosovo Reagan Doctrine Jeltoqsan Karabakh movement April 9 tragedy Romanian Revolution Black January Cold War events Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Tito–Stalin split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Conditions Emigration and defection (list of defectors) Sovietization of the Baltic states Information dissemination Politics Economies Telephone tapping Decline Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events in Latvia Post-Cold War topics Baltic Assembly Collective Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Craiova Group European Union European migrant crisis Eurasian Economic Union NATO Post-Soviet states Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Visegrad Group [hide] v t e Disinformation Types Alternative facts Big lie Bullshit Cherry picking Circular reporting Deception Doublespeak Echo chamber Euphemistic misspeaking Euromyth Factoid Fake news by country online Fallacy False accusation False flag Filter bubble Gaslighting Half-truth Hoax Ideological framing Internet manipulation Media manipulation Potemkin village Post-truth Propaganda Quote mining Scientific fabrication Smearing Social bot Spin View from nowhere Yellow journalism Books Disinformation by Ion Mihai Pacepa Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy The KGB and Soviet Disinformation The Case for Latvia Who's Who in the CIA Disinformation operations 1995 CIA disinformation controversy CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory Funkspiel Habbush letter Information Operations Roadmap Jihadunspun.com Jonestown conspiracy theories K-1000 battleship Mafkarat al Islam Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection Niger uranium forgeries Operation INFEKTION Operation Neptune Operation Shocker Operation Toucan Pope Pius XII and Russia Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Seat 12 Strategy of tension Trolls from Olgino U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B Web brigades Yellow rain Countering disinformation Active Measures Working Group Counter Misinformation Team Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act East StratCom Team FactCheck.org PolitiFact Snopes.com United States Information Agency Related series: Fraud • Media manipulation • Propaganda. Vintage stamps and rare coins sale online! Продажа старинных марок и редких монет онлайн - stamplake.com STAMPLAKE.COM PROFESSIONAL SELLER Type of capital investments, as investments in antiques is growing in popularity more and more each day. It's quite a profitable and safe investment, as prices for antiques are steadily growing (on average 20% per year), which often exceeds the growth of stocks in the stock market. In addition, investment in antiques enriches not only materially bringing income but also spiritually, bringing esthetic pleasure. However, investing money in antiques is a complex activity. In order to make substantial amount of money, You need to acquire special knowledge and build relationships in the appropriate community. It is necessary to understand what things really have the potential to increase in value and which, on the contrary, are hopeless. The word "antique" has Latin roots and means "old". The core value of antiques is in the fact that they are old. Age objects which are considered as antique, can start from 10-15 years, depending on the historical, physical and chemical characteristics of the object. Often, investment in antiques and collecting go hand in hand. That's why making money on old things is going better at those who are careful to things and who are orientating in the history very well. Fortunately for new investors, in the environment of antiques consultants are available whose main task is to help the investor to separate the "wheat from the chaff" and to make competent investment. It should be noted that to start investing in antiques it's not necessary to have a large amount of money. A lot of people begin with inexpensive paintings of young artists and a variety of interesting subjects. As a rule, in the beginning investor collects works of art in the style that appeales to him, purely for pleasure, and much later investor begins to think about making money. You can buy antiques literally everywhere, even at the grandmother, neighbor. However, if you are not familiar with antiques, it is wiser to trust the various antique shops, exhibition and museum authority. Such authority have expertise in selling things and do not allow to enter counterfeits into the market. If you want to do engage in such a profitable and exciting business, as investing in antiques, we will be happy to offer You assistance which will be provided by our experienced consultants who can help You see all the "pitfalls", to make the right choices and get real pleasure from the trip to the mysterious and magical world of collection. Dear collectors! StampLake.com are working for you and it's very important for us, that you can always find and buy in our store exactly what you are looking for and dreaming about. Therefore, if you do not succeed in finding the item, let us know and we will find and order the product you are interested in. Features and further details Dear collectors! StampLake.com are working for you and it's very important for us, that you can always find and buy in our store exactly what you are looking for and dreaming about. Therefore, if you do not succeed in finding the item, let us know and we will find and order the product you are interested in. Our company is made by collectors for collectors. We are selling various items which are related to the collection (coins, banknotes, faleras, antiques, various accessories, specialized literature and much else). Definitely here you will find a lot of necessary and useful items which you are interested in. We are always glad to meet you personally and definitely you will find the item you are interested in. Contact us We can be contacted at any time through eBay messages if you have any questions, comments or product requests. We will respond to you within 24-48 hours and do our best to help you out! We encourage our customers to contact us with any questions or concerns! We'd like to be sure you are completely satisfied with your purchase. Payment PAYPAL , VISA , MASTERCARD , MASESTRO , AMERICAN EXPRESS Shipping WITH TRACKING NUMBER IN 1-2 WORKING DAYS AFTER PAYMENT Disclaimer 14 days returns accepted, buyer pays return shipping cost Best regards from STAMPLAKE.COM

Price: 26.4 USD

Location: Bergen

End Time: 2024-09-15T06:06:58.000Z

Shipping Cost: 7.95 USD