PANTIKAPAION in TAURIC CHERSONESOS 3-2CenBC Ares Galley Ship Greek Coin i38513

Description: Item: i38513 Authentic Ancient Coin of: Greek city of Pantikapaion in Tauric Chersonesos Bronze 14mm (3.14 grams) Struck 3rd-2nd Centuries B.C. Reference: Rare, possibly unpublished type! Helmeted head of Ares right. ΠΑΝ, Forepart of galley right.. You are bidding on the exact item pictured, provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of Authenticity. A galley is a type of ship propelled by rowers that originated in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and was used for warfare , trade and piracy from the first millennium BC. Galleys dominated naval warfare in the Mediterranean from the 8th century BC until development of advanced sailing warships in the 17th century. Galleys fought in the wars of Assyria , ancient Phoenicia , Greece , Carthage and Rome until the 4th century AD. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire galleys formed the mainstay of the Byzantine navy and other navies of successors of the Roman Empire, as well as new Muslim navies. Medieval Mediterranean states, notably the Italian maritime republics, including Venice , Pisa , Genoa and the Ottoman Empire relied on them as the primary warships of their fleets until the 17th century, when they were gradually replaced by sailing warships. Galleys continued to be applied in minor roles in the Mediterranean and the Baltic Sea even after the introduction of steam propelled ships in the early 19th century. The galley engagements at Actium and Lepanto are among the greatest naval battles in history. Ares is the Greek god of war . He is one of the Twelve Olympians , and the son of Zeus and Hera . In Greek literature , he often represents the physical or violent aspect of war, in contrast to the armored Athena , whose functions as a goddess of intelligence include military strategy and generalship . The Greeks were a class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ambivalent" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ambivalent#English"> ambivalent toward Ares: although he embodied the physical valor necessary for success in war, he was a dangerous force, "overwhelming, insatiable in battle, destructive, and man-slaughtering." Fear (Phobos) and Terror (Deimos) were yoked to his battle chariot . In the Iliad his father Zeus tells him that he is the god most hateful to him. An association with Ares endows places and objects with a savage, dangerous, or militarized quality. His value as a war god is even placed in doubt: during the Trojan War , Ares was on the losing side, while Athena, often depicted in Greek art as holding Nike (Victory) in her hand, favored the triumphant Greeks. Ares plays a relatively limited role in Greek mythology as represented in literary narratives, though his numerous love affairs and abundant offspring are often alluded to. When Ares does appear in myths, he typically faces humiliation. He is well known as the lover of Aphrodite , the goddess of love who was married to Hephaestus , god of craftsmanship, but the most famous story involving the couple shows them exposed to ridicule through the wronged husband's clever device. The counterpart of Ares among the Roman gods is Mars , who as a father of the Roman people held a more important and dignified place in ancient Roman religion for his agricultural and tutelary functions. During the Hellenization of a title="Latin literature" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_literature"> Latin literature, the myths of Ares were reinterpreted by Roman writers under the name of Mars. Greek writers under Roman rule also recorded cult practices and beliefs pertaining to Mars under the name of Ares. Thus in the classical tradition of later Western art and literature , the mythology of the two figures becomes virtually indistinguishable. Names and epithets The etymology of the name Ares is traditionally connected with the Greek word ἀρή (arē), the Ionic form of the Doric ἀρά (ara), "bane, ruin, curse, imprecation". There may also be a connection with the Roman god of war Mars , via hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *M̥rēs;compare Ancient Greek μάρναμαι (marnamai), "to fight, to battle", or Punjabi maarna (to kill, to hit). The earliest attested form of the name is the Mycenaean Greek a-re, written in Linear B syllabic script. Walter Burkert notes that "Ares is apparently an ancient abstract noun meaning throng of battle, war." The adjectival epithet Areios was frequently appended to the names of other gods when they take on a warrior aspect or become involved in warfare: Zeus Areios, Athena Areia, even Aphrodite Areia. In the Iliad, the word ares is used as a common noun synonymous with "battle." Inscriptions as early as Mycenaean times, and continuing into the Classical period , attest to Enyalios , another name for the god of war. Character and origins Ares was one of the Twelve Olympians in the archaic tradition represented by the Iliad and Odyssey , but Zeus expresses a recurring Greek revulsion toward the god when Ares returns wounded and complaining from the battlefield at Troy : Then looking at him darkly Zeus who gathers the clouds spoke to him: 'Do not sit beside me and whine, you double-faced liar. To me you are the most hateful of all gods who hold Olympos. Forever quarrelling is dear to your heart, wars and battles. … And yet I will not long endure to see you in pain, since you are my child, and it was to me that your mother bore you. But were you born of some other god and proved so ruinous long since you would have been dropped beneath the gods of the bright sky." This ambivalence is expressed also in the god's association with the Thracians , who were regarded by the Greeks as a barbarous and warlike people. Thrace was Ares' birthplace, true home, and refuge after the affair with Aphrodite was exposed to the general mockery of the other gods. A late 6th-century BC funerary inscription from Attica emphasizes the consequences of coming under Ares' sway: Stay and mourn at the tomb of dead Kroisos Whom raging Ares destroyed one day, fighting in the foremost ranks. In Macedonia , however, he was viewed as a bearded war veteran with superb military skills and physical strength. The ancient Macedonians looked up to Ares as a divine leader as well as a god.[citation needed] In Sparta Ares was viewed as a masculine soldier in which his resilience, physical strength and military intelligence was unrivaled.[citation needed] Attributes The Ares Borghese The birds of Ares (Ornithes Areioi) were a flock of feather-dart-dropping birds that guarded the Amazons ' shrine of the god on a coastal island in the Black Sea . Vultures and dogs, both of which prey upon carrion in the battlefield, were sacred to him.[citation needed] Cult and ritual Although Ares received occasional sacrifice from armies going to war, the god had a formal temple and cult at only a few sites. At Sparta , however, youths each sacrificed a puppy to Enyalios before engaging in ritual fighting at the Phoebaeum. The chthonic night-time sacrifice of a dog to Enyalios became assimilated to the cult of Ares.[citation needed] Just east of Sparta stood an archaic statue of the god in chains, to show that the spirit of war and victory was never to leave the city. The temple to Ares in the agora of Athens that Pausanias saw in the second century AD had only been moved and rededicated there during the time of Augustus ; in essence it was a Roman temple to the Augustan Mars Ultor . The Areopagus , the "mount of Ares" where Paul of Tarsus preached, is sited at some distance from the Acropolis; from archaic times it was a site of trials. Its connection with Ares, perhaps based on a false etymology, is purely etiological myth .[citation needed] A second temple has also been located at the archaeological site of Metropolis in what is now Western Turkey . Attendants Deimos , "Terror" or "Dread", and Phobos , "Fear", are his companions in war and also his children, borne by Aphrodite , according to Hesiod . The sister and companion of the violent Ares is Eris , the goddess of discord, or Enyo, the goddess of war, bloodshed, and violence. Enyalius, rather than another name for Ares, in at least one tradition was his son by Enyo. Ares may also be accompanied by Kydoimos , the demon of the din of battle; the Makhai ("Battles"); thev "Hysminai" ("Acts of manslaughter"); Polemos , a minor spirit of war, or only an epithet of Ares, since it has no specific dominion; and Polemos's daughter, Alala , the goddess or personification of the Greek war-cry, whose name Ares uses as his own war-cry. Ares's sister Hebe , "Youth," also draws baths for him. According to Pausanias , local inhabitants of Therapne , Sparta , recognized Thero "feral, savage" as a nurse of Ares. Founding of Thebes One of the roles of Ares that was sited in mainland Greece itself was in the founding myth of Thebes: Ares was the progenitor of the water-dragon slain by Cadmus , for the dragon's teeth were sown into the ground as if a crop and sprung up as the fully armored autochthonic Spartoi . To propitiate Ares, Cadmus took as a bride Harmonia , daughter of Ares' union with Aphrodite, thus harmonizing all strife and founding the city of Thebes. Consorts and children The Areopagus as viewed from the Acropolis . The union of Ares and Aphrodite created the gods Eros, Anteros , Phobos , Deimos , Harmonia , and Adrestia . While Eros and Anteros' godly stations favored their mother, Adrestia by far preferred to emulate her father, often accompanying him to war.[citation needed] Ares, upon one occasion, incurred the anger of Poseidon by slaying his son Halirrhothius , who had raped Alcippe, another daughter of the war-god. For this deed, Poseidon summoned Ares to appear before the tribunal of the Olympic gods, which was held upon a hill in Athens. Ares was acquitted, and this event is supposed to have given rise to the name Areopagus (or Hill of Ares), which afterward became famous as a court of justice. There are accounts of a son of Ares, Cycnus (Κύκνος) of Macedonia , who was so murderous that he tried to build a temple with the skulls and the bones of travellers. Heracles slaughtered this abominable monstrosity, engendering the wrath of Ares, whom the hero wounded Panticapaeum (Greek: Παντικάπαιον, Pantikápaion), present-day Kerch : an important Greek city and port in Taurica (Tauric Chersonese), situated on a hill (Mt. Mithridates ) on the western side of the Cimmerian Bosporus , founded by Milesians in the late 7th–early 6th century BC. In the 5th–4th centuries BC, the city became the residence first of the Archaeanactids and then of the Spartocids , dynasties of Greek kings of Bosporus , and was hence itself sometimes called Bosporus. Its economic decline in the 4th–3rd centuries BC was the result of the Sarmatian conquest of the steppes and the growing competition of Egyptian grain. The last of the Spartocids , Paerisades V , apparently left his realm to Mithridates VI Eupator, king of Pontus . This transition was arranged by one of Mithridates's generals, a certain Diophantus , who earlier was sent to Taurica to help local Greek cities against Palacus of Lesser Scythia . The takeover didn't go smoothly: Paerisades was murdered by Scythians led by Saumacus , Diophantus escaped to return later with reinforcements and to suppress the revolt (c. 110 BC). Half of a century later, Mithridates himself took his life in Panticapaeum, when, after his defeat in a war against Rome , his own son and heir Pharnaces and citizens of Panticapaeum turned against him. In 63 BC the city was partly destroyed by an earthquake. Raids by the Gothss and the Huns furthered its decline, and it was incorporated into the Byzantine state under Justin I in the early 6th century AD. Ruins of Panticapaeum in Kerch (Ukraine) During the first centuries of the city's existence, imported Greek articles predominated: pottery Kerch Style), terracottas , and metal objects, probably from workshops in Rhodes , Corinth , Samos , and Athens . Local production, imitated from the models, was carried on at the same time. Athens manufactured a special type of bowl for the city, known as Kerch ware. Local potters imitated the Hellenistic bowls known as the Gnathia style as well as relief wares—Megarian bowls. The city minted silver coins from the mid 6th century BC and from the 1st century BC gold and bronze coins. The Hermitage and Kerch Museums contain material from the site, which is still being excavated. Bibliography Noonan, Thomas S. "The Origins of the Greek Colony at Panticapaeum", American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 77, No. 1. (1973), pp. 77–81. Frequently Asked Questions How long until my order is shipped? Depending on the volume of sales, it may take up to 5 business days for shipment of your order after the receipt of payment. How will I know when the order was shipped? After your order has shipped, you will be left positive feedback, and that date should be used as a basis of estimating an arrival date. <="" b=""> USPS First Class mail takes about 3-5 business days to arrive in the U.S., international shipping times cannot be estimated as they vary from country to country. I am not responsible for any USPS delivery delays, especially for an international package. What is a certificate of authenticity and what guarantees do you give that the item is authentic?? Each of the items sold here, is provided with a Certificate of Authenticity, and a Lifetime Guarantee of Authenticity, issued by a world-renowned numismatic and antique expert that has identified over 10000 ancient coins and has provided them with the same guarantee. You will be quite happy with what you get with the COA; a professional presentation of the coin, with all of the relevant information and a picture of the coin you saw in the listing. Compared to other certification companies, the certificate of authenticity is a $25-50 value. So buy a coin today and own a piece of history, guaranteed. Is there a money back guarantee? I offer a 30 day unconditional money back guarantee. I stand behind my coins and would be willing to exchange your order for either store credit towards other coins, or refund, minus shipping expenses, within 30 days from the receipt of your order. My goal is to have the returning customers for a lifetime, and I am so sure in my coins, their authenticity, numismatic value and beauty, I can offer such a guarantee. Is there a number I can call you with questions about my order? You can contact me directly via ask seller a question and request my telephone number, or go to my About Me Page to get my contact information only in regards to items purchased on eBay. When should I leave feedback? Once you receive your order, please leave a positive. Please don't leave any negative feedbacks, as it happens many times that people rush to leave feedback before letting sufficient time for the order to arrive. Also, if you sent an email, make sure to check for my reply in your messages before claiming that you didn't receive a response. The matter of fact is that any issues can be resolved, as reputation is most important to me. My goal is to provide superior products and quality of service.

Price: 148.5 USD

Location: Rego Park, New York

End Time: 2024-10-14T23:22:59.000Z

Shipping Cost: 4.5 USD