Medal Rome An 75 Emperor Vespasian Sestertius Main 1972 Allegorie de La Paix

Description: 240- shot43Copper medal from the Paris Mint (cornucopia hallmark from 1880).Struck in 1972.Re-strike of a sestertius around the year 75.Beautiful shiny copper patina.Dimensions : 60 mm approximately.Weight : 120 g.Metal : copper .Mark on the edge : cornucopia + copper + 1972.Fast and careful shipping.The stand is not for sale.The stand is not for sale. Vespasian (Latin: Imperator Caesar Vespasianus Augustus1) was born on November 17, 9 near Reate (today Rieti) and died on June 23, 79 in Aquae Cutiliae. He is the founder of the Flavian dynasty which ruled the Roman Empire from 69 to 96. His sons Titus and then Domitian succeeded him after his death.BiographyPlebeian originsVespasien was born on November 17, 92, near Reate. He has plebeian origins. His grandfather Titus Flavius Petro, a citizen of the municipality of Reate, had been a centurion or elite soldier of Pompey's party during the civil war; then exercised the office of auction collector. His father, nicknamed Sabinus, had a short military career. He was appointed tax collector in Asia and collected the fortieth tax. His integrity is appreciated there. He died leaving a widow and two children. His wife Polla comes from an ancient family of the minor Campanian nobility. His father, Vespasius Pollio, had been three times military tribune and camp prefect. His brother was a senator of praetorian rank4.The eldest of the two children, Sabinus, rose to the prefecture of Rome. Vespasian is the couple's third child3Childhood and early officesSuetonius reports that Vespasian was brought up by his paternal grandmother, Tertulla, on her estates in Cosa. Later, the memory of his grandmother was so dear to him that on festivals and solemn occasions, he continued to drink from her little silver cup.After taking the manly toga, he began his career in a military course. It seems that he only began to seek the laticlave under pressure and mockery from his mother. He served in Thrace as a tribune of soldiers. During his quaestorship he obtained by lot the province of Crete and Cyrenaica. A candidate for the aedility and then for the praetorship, he obtained the first only after having suffered refusals, and only in sixth order, while he arrived at the second at first sight and among the first. It is likely that he was able to frequent the imperial palace thanks to one of his conquests, Cenis, Antonia's private secretary, to whom he remained attached throughout his life. He was thus able to enter into the good graces of successive emperors5.In his praetorship he did everything to gain the favor of Caligula who was then angry with the senate. He called for extraordinary games to celebrate the emperor's victory in Germany, and was of the opinion that burial should be refused to those who were condemned for the crime of conspiracy. Also, in the hope of pleasing her, he demanded an increase in the sentence of Agrippina the Younger and Julia Livilla after the discovery of their plot6.During the reign of Claudius, through Narcissus, he was sent to Germany as legion legate, a prestigious post4. He took part, with Aulus Plautius, in the Roman offensive which was to lead to the conquest of Britannia7, south of present-day Great Britain. He remained there for four years and won numerous victories against the barbarians. On his return in 47, his glory was such that he enjoyed a triumph, an increasingly rare privilege for soldiers not belonging to the imperial family8.His success as legate of the legion earned him in 51 AD the appointment of consul, then proconsul4 from the Emperor Claudius. But Agrippina's presence in power reduced him to inaction. He married a relative of Réate, Flavia Domitilla, with whom he had three children. His wife and daughter died before 69, although the precise dates are not known. He strives to give his son Titus a careful education and manages to place him, with the help of Cenis, in the entourage of Prince Britannicus9.Sestertius, struck in 71 to celebrate the victory of the first Jewish-Roman war. Obverse: IMP. CAES. VESPASIAN AVG. PM, TR. P., PP, COS. III. The legend on the reverse reads: IVDEA CAPTA, “Judea Conquered” – SCAfrica fell to him by fate. He governs it, according to Suetonius (Vesp. 4), with perfect integrity4 and obtained high consideration there, but according to Tacitus (ii.97), his reign was "infamous and odious". He was convicted of having extorted two hundred thousand sesterces from a young man for whom he had obtained the laticlave, and suffered serious reproaches for this crime of prevarication. His political credibility suffered, and he returned to Rome impoverished. To cope with his financial difficulties, he mortgaged his assets to his brother and started breeding and trading mules, which allowed him to revive his fortune, earning him the nickname mulio, or muleteer4.He accompanied Nero to Greece, but Vespasian, having little appreciation for the arts and artists, fell into disgrace for having "fallen asleep while this prince was singing"4. Excluded not only from the court but also from public receptions and fearing for his life, he retired to a village until 67. That year he was appointed head of a province and a commandappointed consul for the following year. He gives Titus the name Caesar, a way of immediately recognizing him as his father's successor.14Vespasian and his son Titus, still in the East in 70, took charge of imposing Roman peace there. Titus ended the siege of Jerusalem in September 70 and the Second Temple in Jerusalem was closed and razed. His father sent an embassy to the Parthian Empire to ensure the territorial status quo on the Armenian border. The assassins were defeated at the siege of Massada (72-73 CE).The reorganization of the Roman EmpireTax reformsAureus with the effigy of Vespasian (78-79)Vespasian returned to Rome in September 70 and celebrated his triumph. His victories, in the eyes of the people and the senate, became the foundation of the legitimacy of the Flavians15. The civil war of 68-69 left the Empire in a pitiful state. The coffers are empty and the civil servants and soldiers are unpaid. To restore the proper functioning of the Treasury, he increased taxes. He does not hesitate to seize unpaid taxes since Galba16.If Suetonius describes him as a character who abhors lavish spending, he also provides the keys to understanding the other side of the coin: "He had no qualms about selling magistracies to candidates, nor absolutions to the accused, whether innocent or guilty. » Prevarication is a form of tax collection. Vespasian does not hesitate to optimize the system."Vespasian disbanded a large part of Vitellius' troops and contained the rest4. "Those who helped him in his rise to the imperial title must wait a long time4 before receiving their due. Vespasian makes a virtue of necessity.He is reproached for his avarice, but his witticisms are retained: “Deputies came to tell him that he had been awarded a colossal statue of considerable value: “Place it immediately,” he said, pointing to the hollow of his hand; the pedestal is all ready. » It is this aspect of his personality that the people of Rome remember, rakish but modest, and Suetonius relates this anecdote: “at his funeral, the first pantomime named Favor, who represented the emperor and counterfeited, according to custom, his his words and gestures, publicly asked business people how much the convoy and funeral cost. When they answered, “Ten million sesterces,” he cried out, “Give me a hundred thousand, and then throw me into the Tiber.” »In the Empire, he imposed a specific tax on defeated Jews, the fiscus judaicus. He deprived Achaia, Lycia, Rhodes, Byzantium, Samos of freedom, and reduced them to Roman provinces not subject to tribute but to tax, as well as Thrachaea-Cilicia and Commagene, hitherto governed by kings4.He resorted to real innovations in the tax field, by creating a tax on the collection of urine, which was at the time the only fixing agent for dyes.“His son Titus reproached him for having put a tax on urine. He held the first money he collected from this tax under his nose and asked him if it smelled bad. Titus having replied no: “It is nevertheless liquid,” said Vespasian4. » This conversation has remained with us in the form of a proverb “money has no smell” and the first public toilets in Paris were named vespasiens, in memory of this initiative which has remained famous.Legislative reformsOriginal restored portrait of Vespasian made in the early years of his reign. The head, which originally belonged to a statue, is on display in the Vatican Museums.Additionally, the new emperor is contested for his origins. The lex de imperio Vespasiani legalizes his place at the head of state by conferring on him the powers as well as the imperial title. This law above all specifies the powers of the emperor, moving away from the vagueness desired by Augustus, and helping to make the emperor no longer a man exceptionally endowed with several powers, but a magistrate of the Roman people. He was consul and censor eight times in 73–744.The number of trials had increased everywhere in disproportionate proportions, over the yearsAfter taking the manly toga, he began his career in a military course. It seems that he only began to seek the laticlave under pressure and mockery from his mother. He served in Thrace as a tribune of soldiers. During his quaestorship he obtained by lot the province of Crete and Cyrenaica. A candidate for the aedility and then for the praetorship, he obtained the first only after having suffered refusals, and only in sixth order, while he arrived at the second at first sight and among the first. It is likely that he was able to frequent the imperial palace thanks to one of his conquests, Cenis, Antonia's private secretary, to whom he remained attached throughout his life. He was thus able to enter into the good graces of successive emperors5. He is reproached for his avarice, but his witti

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