FIRST Black certified X-Ray technician ST LOUIS NAACP MEDICAL PIONEER RADIOLOGY

Description: A FRAMED DR. WILLIAM E. ALLEN JR ST LOUIS NAACP LIFETIME MEMBERSHIP CERTIFICATE FRAMED (GLASS BROKEN) FROM 1958 Born in 1903, William Edward Allen, Jr is credited as the first Black certified X-Ray technician. He’s been credited with considerable contributions to medicine, particularly in nuclear medicine and radiation therapy for cancer patients. Allen enrolled Howard University in 1923 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the ROTC. Shortly after that, he joined the University Symphony Orchestra, playing the violin at Calvin Coolidge’s inauguration. Four years later, he earned his B.S. in chemistry from Howard and then graduated with his medical degree in 1930. Born in 1903, William Edward Allen, Jr is credited as the first Black certified X-Ray technician. He’s been credited with considerable contributions to medicine, particularly in nuclear medicine and radiation therapy for cancer patients. Allen enrolled Howard University in 1923 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the ROTC. Shortly after that, he joined the University Symphony Orchestra, playing the violin at Calvin Coolidge’s inauguration. Four years later, he earned his B.S. in chemistry from Howard and then graduated with his medical degree in 1930. He interned at St. Louis City Hospital #2 and spent his residency in radiology. In the middle of his residency, St. Mary’s Infirmary of St. Louis began accepting Black patients and Allen was named radiologist in chief and founded a school for x-ray technicians. In 1934, Allen submitted a membership into the Radiological Society of North America, but his application was rejected. In 1935, he was named as an approved specialist in Radiology, and was just the fifth Black American given this honor. Four years later, while sitting for his board exams, he wasn’t even allowed to ride the hotel’s main elevator, instead required to take the freight elevator, even though he was a member of the American College of Radiology. Some of Allen’s other noted accomplishments include: First Black American to receive fellowship in the American College of RadiologyEditorial Board of the JNMAFirst violin and clarinet in the St. Louis Little Symphony OrchestraBattalion surgeon for the 366th infantry in the Army ReserveRadiologist in chief at Fort Huachuca Station HospitalBegan AFS-WAC school for X-ray techs for Black women serving in WWIIRadiologist consultant to the War DepartmentFounded the School of Technology at Homer G. Phillips HospitalElected first chairman of the Section of Radiology of the National Medical AssociationFellow of Inter-American College of Radiology and American Medical AssociationHomer G. Phillips AwardSpecial Citation and Special Silver Plaque from the St. Louis branch of the NAACPDistinguished Public Service Award of the St. Louis ArgusOutstanding Service Award of the Homer G. Phillips Hospital Interns Alumni AssociationAmerican Cancer Society AwardDistinguished Service Award from National Medical AssociationGold Medal from the American College of RadiologyThe William E. Allen Jr, MD Annual Lecture of the Section on Radiology is named after him and still occurs yearlyThe library of the Howard University radiology department is named after him, as well as the radiotherapy suite of Homer G. Phillips hospitalOutstanding Service Award from the Howard University College of MedicineAllen passed away in 1981 from stomach cancer, one of the diseases he treated throughout his career. We’re honored to celebrate his trailblazing career and advancements in radiology. William Edward Allen, Jr. (1903-1981) is considered to be the first African-American certified X-ray technician. As a radiologist, teacher, and researcher, he helped shape radiology as a field in the 1930s when it was first developing. He also worked relentlessly for increased access to medical education for African-American students. He created one of the first residencies in radiology in the 1930s for underrepresented students at the Homer G Phillips Hospital, the city’s first Black-operated hospital, established in 1937. Over time, that program graduated more than 200 Black radiographers, nuclear medicine technologists, and radiation therapists. Allen was a man dedicated to breaking barriers. He was the first African-American to receive the Gold Medal from the American College of Radiology. Observed nationally since 1976, Black History Month celebrates the achievements of Black Americans and recognizes their central but often-overlooked role in U.S. history. Within the radiology field, there are numerous Black radiologists, technologists and imaging specialists who advanced medicine and opened doors for people from underrepresented groups. This Black History Month, we remember two radiology pioneers — William E. Allen Jr., MD, and Rose Pegues-Perkins — who made a tremendous impact right here in St. Louis. William E. Allen Jr., MDWilliam Edward Allen Jr., MD, (1903-1981) was a man of many firsts. His career highlights include: • First Black certified X-ray technician• First Black American College of Radiology member, fellow and Gold Medalist• First Black American Board of Radiology diplomate• National Medical Association radiology section founder and first chairman• Created first minority radiology residency program• One of the first African Americans to be published in major radiological journals During World War II, Allen was the first Black officer from St. Louis to enlist in the U.S. Army and rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He led X-ray services at Fort Huachuca’s military hospital, trained other Black medical officers in radiology and established the first and only African American Women’s Army Corps School for X-ray technologists. Allen worked tirelessly to shape the profession and increase education access for the Black community. He completed his postgraduate training at Homer G. Phillips Hospital in St. Louis and later led its radiology department, where he established the School of Radiologic Technology’s residency program. After its first class graduated in 1948, the school’s enrollment grew rapidly. By the 1960s, the program graduated over 200 Black radiographers, nuclear medicine technologists and radiation therapists. He also served as a professor at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis and Saint Louis University. Allen dedicated his life to breaking barriers and empowering his community with knowledge and opportunities. His accomplishments were many and per a dedication written by former MIR Director Ronald G. Evens, MD, “It is unlikely that any single radiologist can take his place.” Rose M. Pegues-PerkinsRose M. Pegues-Perkins (1913–1992), was a registered nurse who became one of the first Black X-ray technicians. In the 1930s, Allen served as the chief radiologist at St. Mary’s Infirmary, where he began organizing a radiology technologist school for Black students. Pegues enrolled in the program and trained under him. She, among others, advocated for herself to be allowed to take the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) exam. Despite resistance, she persevered and successfully passed her exam in 1936, becoming the first Black registrant of the ARRT. She spent the rest of her 41-year technologist career serving the St. Louis community. Dr. William Edward Allen, Jr. (1903-1981) was born in Pensacola, Florida. He graduated from Booker T. Washington High School and earned his B.S. and M.D. degrees from Howard University. He became a pioneer in radiology. Several months before the United States entered World War II, Allen volunteered for active military service. However, since there was no place in the segregated military for a African American radiologist, he accepted assignment as a battalion surgeon. When a military hospital staffed by African American medical officers was established at Ft Huachuca, AZ, Allen became its chief of x-ray service, training medical officers. Dr. Allen was a man of many "firsts":-First African American to be certified in the American Board of Radiology in 1935.- First African American Fellow elected by the American College of Radiology.-Established the first and only African American Women's Army Corps School for x-ray technologists.-He created the first residency for the School of Radiologic Technology at Homer G. Phillips Hospital.-First Black officer in the City of St. Louis to enlist in the U.S. Army.-First certified Black radiologist in military service.-First African American to be appointed as a consultant to the Secretary of War.-Introduced the first cobalt treatment in Western Africa.-First African American to receive the American College of Radiology's highest honor, the Gold Medal. Biographical material, correspondence, writings and research, organizational affiliations,photographs, and scrapbooks comprise the papers of radiologist, Dr. William E. Allen, Jr.(1906-1981). The papers span the period of 1915-1981 and measure approximately 47 linear feet.Dr. Allen's achievements and interests can be traced through diaries that span 1926-1980and provide a daily record of his life. The series, Correspondence, provides valuable insight intohis professional and personal relationships and activities. Included are correspondence with manymedical leaders and contemporaries of Dr. Allen.Dr. Allen was one of the first African Americans to become a leader in the field ofradiology. He graduated from Howard University College of Medicine in 1930 and then movedto St. Louis, Missouri where he established his noteworthy medical career. The series, Hospitals,highlights the roles he had as radiologist at such St. Louis hospitals as People's Hospital, HomerG. Phillips Hospital, and St. Mary's Infirmary.The series, Writings and Research, documents Dr. Allen's prolific contributions to thefield of radiological research. He was especially concerned with medical conditions affectingAfrican Americans. In addition to his research and his medical positions, Dr. Allen was involvedin many professional organizations, serving on boards and committees of such organizations asthe National Medical Association, the American College of Radiology, and the Tuberculosis andHealth Society of St. Louis.Outside of his professional interests, Dr. Allen was also deeply involved in his role in themilitary. He served in Howard University's R.O.T.C. program and then went on to become anofficer in the 366th infantry stationed at Fort Devans, Mass.Scope Note continuedDuring World War II, Dr. Allen was stationed at Fort Huachuca, Arizona where he was the Chiefof the X-Ray school. Dr. Allen's military career is documented in the series, Personal Papers.Dr. Allen donated his papers to Moorland-Spingarn Research Center upon his death onDecember 31, 1981.Biographical SketchAugust 14, 1903 Born in Pensacola Florida to Marion and William Edward Allen.1927 Received B.S. From Howard University.1930 Graduated from Howard University College of Medicine.1930-1933 Completed internship and served as Resident in Radiology at CityHospital #2, St. Louis, Missouri.1931 Commissioned 1st Lieutenant, Medical Reserve Corps.1933-1935 Served as Resident in Radiology at Homer G. Phillips Hospital, St.Louis.1935 One of the first African Americans certified by the AmericanBoard ofRadiology, Roentgenology1935-1967 Served as Director of the Department of Radiology at St. Mary'sInfirmary, St. Louis where he also was the Director of the School of Radiology, Member of theStaff Executive Committee, Instructor in the School of Nursing, and Director of the CancerRegistry.Served as Director of People's Hospital's Department of Radiology.May 5, 1938 Married Para Lee Batts, R.N., of Waco Texas; former head nurse atHomer G. Phillips Hospital.1939 Certified by the American Board of Radiology; Promoted toCaptainin the Medical Reserve Corps.1940-1942 Graduated from the Medical Field Service School, Carlisle,Pennsylvania, and served as Battalion Surgeon with the 8thInfantry Regiment ING. He was later ordered to extended activeduty with the 366th Infantry at Fort Devens, Mass. where he servedas Battalion Surgeon and Plans and Training Officer of the MedicalDetachment.1942-1945 Transferred to Fort Huachuca, Arizona, where he served as ChiefofX-Ray Services, ASF Regional Hospital. Also served as Directorofthe NSC Fort Huachuca WAC X-Ray Technicians School.1943 Promoted to Major.1944-1945 Director, Ninth Service Command, ASF -WAC X-Ray TechniciansSchool, Fort Huachuca.Biographical Sketch continued1945-1947 Served as Consultant in Radiology to the Secretary of War.1946 Promoted to Lieutenant Colonel.1946-1973 Served as Director of the Department of Radiology at Homer G.Phillips Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri.1950-1959 Served as Consultant in Roentgenology and Radiology atUniversityof Missouri.1962-1974 Served on the Board of Directors of the St. Louis Branch NAACP,where he also chaired the Freedom Fund Dinner from 1962-1964.1963 Served as Vice President of the National Medical Association.1964 Became Chief of Staff at People's Hospital.1965 Served as Chairman of the Council on Scientific Exhibition,NationalMedical Association.December 31, 1981 Died Radiology (/ˌreɪdɪˈɒlədʒi/ rey-dee-ol-uh-jee) is the medical specialty that uses medical imaging to diagnose diseases and guide their treatment, within the bodies of humans and other animals. It began with radiography (which is why its name has a root referring to radiation), but today it includes all imaging modalities, including those that use no ionizing electromagnetic radiation (such as ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging), as well as others that do, such as computed tomography (CT), fluoroscopy, and nuclear medicine including positron emission tomography (PET). Interventional radiology is the performance of usually minimally invasive medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies such as those mentioned above. The modern practice of radiology involves several different healthcare professions working as a team. The radiologist is a medical doctor who has completed the appropriate post-graduate training and interprets medical images, communicates these findings to other physicians by means of a report or verbally, and uses imaging to perform minimally invasive medical procedures.[1][2] The nurse is involved in the care of patients before and after imaging or procedures, including administration of medications, monitoring of vital signs and monitoring of sedated patients.[3] The radiographer, also known as a "radiologic technologist" in some countries such as the United States and Canada, is a specially trained healthcare professional that uses sophisticated technology and positioning techniques to produce medical images for the radiologist to interpret. Depending on the individual's training and country of practice, the radiographer may specialize in one of the above-mentioned imaging modalities or have expanded roles in image reporting.[4] Diagnostic imaging modalitiesMain article: Medical imagingProjection (plain) radiographyMain article: Projectional radiography Radiography of the knee using a DR machine Projectional radiograph of the kneeRadiographs (originally called roentgenographs, named after the discoverer of X-rays, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen) are produced by transmitting X-rays through a patient. The X-rays are projected through the body onto a detector; an image is formed based on which rays pass through (and are detected) versus those that are absorbed or scattered in the patient (and thus are not detected). Röntgen discovered X-rays on November 8, 1895, and received the first Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery in 1901. In film-screen radiography, an X-ray tube generates a beam of X-rays, which is aimed at the patient. The X-rays that pass through the patient are filtered through a device called a grid or X-ray filter, to reduce scatter, and strike an undeveloped film, which is held tightly to a screen of light-emitting phosphors in a light-tight cassette. The film is then developed chemically and an image appears on the film. Film-screen radiography is being replaced by phosphor plate radiography but more recently by digital radiography (DR) and the EOS imaging.[5] In the two latest systems, the X-rays strike sensors that converts the signals generated into digital information, which is transmitted and converted into an image displayed on a computer screen. In digital radiography the sensors shape a plate, but in the EOS system, which is a slot-scanning system, a linear sensor vertically scans the patient. Plain radiography was the only imaging modality available during the first 50 years of radiology. Due to its availability, speed, and lower costs compared to other modalities, radiography is often the first-line test of choice in radiologic diagnosis. Also despite the large amount of data in CT scans, MR scans and other digital-based imaging, there are many disease entities in which the classic diagnosis is obtained by plain radiographs. Examples include various types of arthritis and pneumonia, bone tumors (especially benign bone tumors), fractures, congenital skeletal anomalies, and certain kidney stones. Mammography and DXA are two applications of low energy projectional radiography, used for the evaluation for breast cancer and osteoporosis, respectively. FluoroscopyMain article: FluoroscopyFluoroscopy and angiography are special applications of X-ray imaging, in which a fluorescent screen and image intensifier tube is connected to a closed-circuit television system.[6]: 26 This allows real-time imaging of structures in motion or augmented with a radiocontrast agent. Radiocontrast agents are usually administered by swallowing or injecting into the body of the patient to delineate anatomy and functioning of the blood vessels, the genitourinary system, or the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). Two radiocontrast agents are presently in common use. Barium sulfate (BaSO4) is given orally or rectally for evaluation of the GI tract. Iodine, in multiple proprietary forms, is given by oral, rectal, vaginal, intra-arterial or intravenous routes. These radiocontrast agents strongly absorb or scatter X-rays, and in conjunction with the real-time imaging, allow demonstration of dynamic processes, such as peristalsis in the digestive tract or blood flow in arteries and veins. Iodine contrast may also be concentrated in abnormal areas more or less than in normal tissues and make abnormalities (tumors, cysts, inflammation) more conspicuous. Additionally, in specific circumstances, air can be used as a contrast agent for the gastrointestinal system and carbon dioxide can be used as a contrast agent in the venous system; in these cases, the contrast agent attenuates the X-ray radiation less than the surrounding tissues. Computed tomographyMain article: X-ray computed tomography Image from a CT scan of the brainCT imaging uses X-rays in conjunction with computing algorithms to image the body.[7] In CT, an X-ray tube opposite an X-ray detector (or detectors) in a ring-shaped apparatus rotate around a patient, producing a computer-generated cross-sectional image (tomogram).[8] CT is acquired in the axial plane, with coronal and sagittal images produced by computer reconstruction. Radiocontrast agents are often used with CT for enhanced delineation of anatomy. Although radiographs provide higher spatial resolution, CT can detect more subtle variations in attenuation of X-rays (higher contrast resolution). CT exposes the patient to significantly more ionizing radiation than a radiograph. Spiral multidetector CT uses 16, 64, 254 or more detectors during continuous motion of the patient through the radiation beam to obtain fine detail images in a short exam time. With rapid administration of intravenous contrast during the CT scan, these fine detail images can be reconstructed into three-dimensional (3D) images of carotid, cerebral, coronary or other arteries. The introduction of computed tomography in the early 1970s revolutionized diagnostic radiology by providing front-line clinicians with detailed images of anatomic structures in three dimensions. CT scanning has become the test of choice in diagnosing some urgent and emergent conditions, such as cerebral hemorrhage, pulmonary embolism (clots in the arteries of the lungs), aortic dissection (tearing of the aortic wall), appendicitis, diverticulitis, and obstructing kidney stones. Before the development of CT imaging, risky and painful exploratory surgery was often the only way to obtain a definitive diagnosis of the cause of severe abdominal pain which could not be otherwise ascertained from external observation.[9] Continuing improvements in CT technology, including faster scanning times and improved resolution, have dramatically increased the accuracy and usefulness of CT scanning, which may partially account for increased use in medical diagnosis. UltrasoundMain article: Medical ultrasonographyMedical ultrasonography uses ultrasound (high-frequency sound waves) to visualize soft tissue structures in the body in real time. No ionizing radiation is involved, but the quality of the images obtained using ultrasound is highly dependent on the skill of the person (ultrasonographer) performing the exam and the patient's body size. Examinations of larger, overweight patients may have a decrease in image quality as their subcutaneous fat absorbs more of the sound waves. This results in fewer sound waves penetrating to organs and reflecting back to the transducer, resulting in loss of information and a poorer quality image. Ultrasound is also limited by its inability to image through air pockets (lungs, bowel loops) or bone. Its use in medical imaging has developed mostly within the last 30 years. The first ultrasound images were static and two-dimensional (2D), but with modern ultrasonography, 3D reconstructions can be observed in real time, effectively becoming "4D". Because ultrasound imaging techniques do not employ ionizing radiation to generate images (unlike radiography, and CT scans), they are generally considered safer and are therefore more common in obstetrical imaging. The progression of pregnancies can be thoroughly evaluated with less concern about damage from the techniques employed, allowing early detection and diagnosis of many fetal anomalies. Growth can be assessed over time, important in patients with chronic disease or pregnancy-induced disease, and in multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets, etc.). Color-flow Doppler ultrasound measures the severity of peripheral vascular disease and is used by cardiologists for dynamic evaluation of the heart, heart valves and major vessels. Stenosis, for example, of the carotid arteries may be a warning sign for an impending stroke. A clot, embedded deep in one of the inner veins of the legs, can be found via ultrasound before it dislodges and travels to the lungs, resulting in a potentially fatal pulmonary embolism. Ultrasound is useful as a guide to performing biopsies to minimize damage to surrounding tissues and in drainages such as thoracentesis. Small, portable ultrasound devices now replace peritoneal lavage in trauma wards by non-invasively assessing for the presence of internal bleeding and any internal organ damage. Extensive internal bleeding or injury to the major organs may require surgery and repair. Magnetic resonance imagingMain article: Magnetic resonance imaging MRI of the kneeMRI uses strong magnetic fields to align atomic nuclei (usually hydrogen protons) within body tissues, then uses a radio signal to disturb the axis of rotation of these nuclei and observes the radio frequency signal generated as the nuclei return to their baseline states.[10] The radio signals are collected by small antennae, called coils, placed near the area of interest. An advantage of MRI is its ability to produce images in axial, coronal, sagittal and multiple oblique planes with equal ease. MRI scans give the best soft tissue contrast of all the imaging modalities. With advances in scanning speed and spatial resolution, and improvements in computer 3D algorithms and hardware, MRI has become an important tool in musculoskeletal radiology and neuroradiology. One disadvantage is the patient has to hold still for long periods of time in a noisy, cramped space while the imaging is performed. Claustrophobia (fear of closed spaces) severe enough to terminate the MRI exam is reported in up to 5% of patients. Recent improvements in magnet design including stronger magnetic fields (3 teslas), shortening exam times, wider, shorter magnet bores and more open magnet designs, have brought some relief for claustrophobic patients. However, for magnets with equivalent field strengths, there is often a trade-off between image quality and open design. MRI has great benefit in imaging the brain, spine, and musculoskeletal system. The use of MRI is currently contraindicated for patients with pacemakers, cochlear implants, some indwelling medication pumps, certain types of cerebral aneurysm clips, metal fragments in the eyes and some metallic hardware due to the powerful magnetic fields and strong fluctuating radio signals to which the body is exposed. Areas of potential advancement include functional imaging, cardiovascular MRI, and MRI-guided therapy. Nuclear medicineMain article: Nuclear medicineNuclear medicine imaging involves the administration into the patient of radiopharmaceuticals consisting of substances with affinity for certain body tissues labeled with radioactive tracer. The most commonly used tracers are technetium-99m, iodine-123, iodine-131, gallium-67, indium-111, thallium-201 and fludeoxyglucose (18F) (18F-FDG). The heart, lungs, thyroid, liver, brain, gallbladder, and bones are commonly evaluated for particular conditions using these techniques. While anatomical detail is limited in these studies, nuclear medicine is useful in displaying physiological function. The excretory function of the kidneys, iodine-concentrating ability of the thyroid, blood flow to heart muscle, etc. can be measured. The principal imaging devices are the gamma camera and the PET Scanner, which detect the radiation emitted by the tracer in the body and display it as an image. With computer processing, the information can be displayed as axial, coronal and sagittal images (single-photon emission computed tomography - SPECT or Positron-emission tomography - PET). In the most modern devices, nuclear medicine images can be fused with a CT scan taken quasisimultaneously, so the physiological information can be overlaid or coregistered with the anatomical structures to improve diagnostic accuracy. Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning deals with positrons instead of gamma rays detected by gamma cameras. The positrons annihilate to produce two opposite traveling gamma rays to be detected coincidentally, thus improving resolution. In PET scanning, a radioactive, biologically active substance, most often 18F-FDG, is injected into a patient and the radiation emitted by the patient is detected to produce multiplanar images of the body. Metabolically more active tissues, such as cancer, concentrate the active substance more than normal tissues. PET images can be combined (or "fused") with anatomic (CT) imaging, to more accurately localize PET findings and thereby improve diagnostic accuracy. The fusion technology has gone further to combine PET and MRI similar to PET and CT. PET/MRI fusion, largely practiced in academic and research settings, could potentially play a crucial role in fine detail of brain imaging, breast cancer screening, and small joint imaging of the foot. The technology recently blossomed after passing the technical hurdle of altered positron movement in strong magnetic field thus affecting the resolution of PET images and attenuation correction. Interventional radiologyMain article: Interventional radiologyInterventional radiology (IR or sometimes VIR for vascular and interventional radiology) is a subspecialty of radiology in which minimally invasive procedures are performed using image guidance. Some of these procedures are done for purely diagnostic purposes (e.g., angiogram), while others are done for treatment purposes (e.g., angioplasty). The basic concept behind interventional radiology is to diagnose or treat pathologies, with the most minimally invasive technique possible. Minimally invasive procedures are currently performed more than ever before. These procedures are often performed with the patient fully awake, with little or no sedation required. Interventional radiologists and interventional radiographers[11] diagnose and treat several disorders, including peripheral vascular disease, renal artery stenosis, inferior vena cava filter placement, gastrostomy tube placements, biliary stents and hepatic interventions. Radiographic images, fluoroscopy, and ultrasound modalities are used for guidance, and the primary instruments used during the procedure are specialized needles and catheters. The images provide maps that allow the clinician to guide these instruments through the body to the areas containing disease. By minimizing the physical trauma to the patient, peripheral interventions can reduce infection rates and recovery times, as well as hospital stays. To be a trained interventionalist in the United States, an individual completes a five-year residency in radiology and a one- or two-year fellowship in IR.[12] Analysis of images A radiologist interprets medical images on a modern picture archiving and communication system (PACS) workstation. San Diego, California, 2010.Plain, or general, radiographyThe basic technique is optical density evaluation (i.e. histogram analysis). It is then described that a region has a different optical density, e.g. a cancer metastasis to bone can cause radiolucency. The development of this is the digital radiological subtraction. It consists in overlapping two radiographs of the same examined region and subtracting the optical densities Comparison of changes in dental and bone radiographic densities in the presence of different soft-tissue simulators using pixel intensity and digital subtraction analyses. The resultant image only contains the time-dependent differences between the two examined radiographs. The advantage of this technique is the precise determination of the dynamics of density changes and the place of their occurrence. However, beforehand the geometrical adjustment and general alignment of optical density should be done Noise in subtraction images made from pairs of intraoral radiographs: a comparison between four methods of geometric alignment. Another possibility of radiographic image analysis is to study second order features, e.g. digital texture analysis Basic research Textural entropy as a potential feature for quantitative assessment of jaw bone healing process Comparative Analysis of Three Bone Substitute Materials Based on Co-Occurrence Matrix or fractal dimension Using fractal dimension to evaluate alveolar bone defects treated with various bone substitute materials. On this basis, it is possible to assess the places where bio-materials are implanted into the bone for the purpose of guided bone regeneration. They take an intact bone image sample (region of interest, ROI, reference site) and a sample of the implantation site (second ROI, test site) can be assessed numerically/objectively to what extent the implantation site imitates a healthy bone and how advanced is the process of bone regeneration Fast-Versus Slow-Resorbable Calcium Phosphate Bone Substitute Materials—Texture Analysis after 12 Months of Observation New Oral Surgery Materials for Bone Reconstruction—A Comparison of Five Bone Substitute Materials for Dentoalveolar Augmentation. It is also possible to check whether the bone healing process is influenced by some systemic factors Influence of General Mineral Condition on Collagen-Guided Alveolar Crest Augmentation. TeleradiologyMain article: TeleradiologyTeleradiology is the transmission of radiographic images from one location to another for interpretation by an appropriately trained professional, usually a radiologist or reporting radiographer. It is most often used to allow rapid interpretation of emergency room, ICU and other emergent examinations after hours of usual operation, at night and on weekends. In these cases, the images can be sent across time zones (e.g. to Spain, Australia, India) with the receiving Clinician working his normal daylight hours. However, at present, large private teleradiology companies in the U.S. currently provide most after-hours coverage employing night-working radiologists in the U.S. Teleradiology can also be used to obtain consultation with an expert or subspecialist about a complicated or puzzling case. In the U.S., many hospitals outsource their radiology departments to radiologists in India due to the lowered cost and availability of high speed internet access. Teleradiology requires a sending station, a high-speed internet connection, and a high-quality receiving station. At the transmission station, plain radiographs are passed through a digitizing machine before transmission, while CT, MRI, ultrasound and nuclear medicine scans can be sent directly, as they are already digital data. The computer at the receiving end will need to have a high-quality display screen that has been tested and cleared for clinical purposes. Reports are then transmitted to the requesting clinician. The major advantage of teleradiology is the ability to use different time zones to provide real-time emergency radiology services around-the-clock. The disadvantages include higher costs, limited contact between the referrer and the reporting Clinician, and the inability to cover for procedures requiring an onsite reporting Clinician. Laws and regulations concerning the use of teleradiology vary among the states, with some requiring a license to practice medicine in the state sending the radiologic exam. In the U.S., some states require the teleradiology report to be preliminary with the official report issued by a hospital staff radiologist. Lastly, a benefit of teleradiology is that it might be automated with modern machine learning techniques.[13][14][15] X-ray of a hand with calculation of bone age analysisPatient InteractionSome radiologists, like teleradiologists, have no interaction with patients. Other radiologists, like interventional radiologists, primarily interact with patients and spend less time analyzing images. Diagnostic radiologists tend to spend the majority of their time analyzing images and a minority of their time interacting with patients. Compared to the healthcare provider who sends the patient to have images interpreted by a diagnostic radiologist, the radiologist usually does not know as much about the patient's clinical status or have as much influence on what action should be taken based on the images. Thus, the diagnostic radiologist reports image findings directly to that healthcare provider and often provides recommendations, who then takes the appropriate next steps for recommendations about medical management. Because radiologists undergo training regarding risks associated with different types of imaging tests and image-guided procedures,[16] radiologists are the healthcare providers who generally educate patients about those risks to enable informed consent, not the healthcare provider requesting the test or procedure.[17] Professional trainingUnited StatesRadiology is a field in medicine that has expanded rapidly after 2000 due to advances in computer technology, which is closely linked to modern imaging techniques. Applying for residency positions in radiology has become highly competitive. Applicants are often near the top of their medical school classes, with high USMLE (board) examination scores.[18] Diagnostic radiologists must complete prerequisite undergraduate education, four years of medical school to earn a medical degree (D.O. or M.D.), one year of internship, and four years of residency training.[19] After residency, most radiologists pursue one or two years of additional specialty fellowship training. The American Board of Radiology (ABR) administers professional certification in Diagnostic Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics as well as subspecialty certification in neuroradiology, nuclear radiology, pediatric radiology and vascular and interventional radiology. "Board Certification" in diagnostic radiology requires successful completion of two examinations. The Core Exam is given after 36 months of residency. Although previously taken in Chicago or Tucson, Arizona, beginning in February 2021, the computer test transitioned permanently to a remote format. It encompasses 18 categories. A passing score is 350 or above. A fail on one to five categories was previously a Conditioned exam, however beginning in June 2021, the conditioned category will no longer exist and the test will be graded as a whole. The Certification Exam, can be taken 15 months after completion of the Radiology residency. This computer-based examination consists of five modules and graded pass-fail. It is given twice a year in Chicago and Tucson. Recertification examinations are taken every 10 years, with additional required continuing medical education as outlined in the Maintenance of Certification document. Certification may also be obtained from the American Osteopathic Board of Radiology (AOBR) and the American Board of Physician Specialties. Following completion of residency training, radiologists may either begin practicing as a general diagnostic radiologist or enter into subspecialty training programs known as fellowships. Examples of subspeciality training in radiology include abdominal imaging, thoracic imaging, cross-sectional/ultrasound, MRI, musculoskeletal imaging, interventional radiology, neuroradiology, interventional neuroradiology, paediatric radiology, nuclear medicine, emergency radiology, breast imaging and women's imaging. Fellowship training programs in radiology are usually one or two years in length.[20] Some medical schools in the US have started to incorporate a basic radiology introduction into their core MD training. New York Medical College, the Wayne State University School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, the Uniformed Services University, and the University of South Carolina School of Medicine offer an introduction to radiology during their respective MD programs.[21][22][23] Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine also integrates imaging material into their curriculum early in the first year. Radiographic exams are usually performed by radiographers. Qualifications for radiographers vary by country, but many radiographers now are required to hold a degree. Veterinary radiologists are veterinarians who specialize in the use of X-rays, ultrasound, MRI and nuclear medicine for diagnostic imaging or treatment of disease in animals. They are certified in either diagnostic radiology or radiation oncology by the American College of Veterinary Radiology. United KingdomRadiology is an extremely competitive speciality in the UK, attracting applicants from a broad range of backgrounds. Applicants are welcomed directly from the Foundation Programme, as well as those who have completed higher training. Recruitment and selection into training post in clinical radiology posts in England, Scotland and Wales is done by an annual nationally coordinated process lasting from November to March. In this process, all applicants are required to pass a Specialty Recruitment Assessment (SRA) test.[24] Those with a test score above a certain threshold are offered a single interview at the London and the South East Recruitment Office.[25] At a later stage, applicants declare what programs they prefer, but may in some cases be placed in a neighbouring region.[25] The training programme lasts for a total of five years. During this time, doctors rotate into different subspecialities, such as paediatrics, musculoskeletal or neuroradiology, and breast imaging. During the first year of training, radiology trainees are expected to pass the first part of the Fellowship of the Royal College of Radiologists (FRCR) exam. This comprises a medical physics and anatomy examination. Following completion of their part 1 exam, they are then required to pass six written exams (part 2A), which cover all the subspecialities. Successful completion of these allows them to complete the FRCR by completing part 2B, which includes rapid reporting, and a long case discussion. After achieving a certificate of completion of training (CCT), many fellowship posts exist in specialities such as neurointervention and vascular intervention, which would allow the doctor to work as an Interventional radiologist. In some cases, the CCT date can be deferred by a year to include these fellowship programmes. UK radiology registrars are represented by the Society of Radiologists in Training (SRT), which was founded in 1993 under the auspices of the Royal College of Radiologists.[26] The society is a nonprofit organisation, run by radiology registrars specifically to promote radiology training and education in the UK. Annual meetings are held by which trainees across the country are encouraged to attend. Currently, a shortage of radiologists in the UK has created opportunities in all specialities, and with the increased reliance on imaging, demand is expected to increase in the future. Radiographers, and less frequently Nurses, are often trained to undertake many of these opportunities in order to help meet demand. Radiographers often may control a "list" of a particular set of procedures after being approved locally and signed off by a consultant radiologist. Similarly, radiographers may simply operate a list for a radiologist or other physician on their behalf. Most often if a radiographer operates a list autonomously then they are acting as the operator and practitioner under the Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposures) Regulations 2000. Radiographers are represented by a variety of bodies; most often this is the Society and College of Radiographers. Collaboration with nurses is also common, where a list may be jointly organised between the nurse and radiographer. GermanyAfter obtaining medical licensure, German radiologists complete a five-year residency, culminating with a board examination (known as Facharztprüfung). ItalyItalian radiologists complete a four-year residency program after completing the six-year MD program. The NetherlandsDutch radiologists complete a five-year residency program after completing the six-year MD program. IndiaIn India a medical graduate must obtain a bachelors degree which requires 4.5 year of training along with 1 year internship followed by NEET PG examination which is one of the hardest examination in India .Then on the merit basis one must get into Radio diagnosis .previous rank data shows only top rankers take radiology means if your score is less you might get other branches but not radiology.The radiology training course is a post graduate 3-year program (MD/DNB Radiology) or a 2-year diploma (DMRD).[27] SingaporeRadiologists in Singapore complete a five-year undergraduate medicine degree followed by a one-year internship and then a five-year residency program. Some radiologists may elect to complete a one or two-year fellowship for further sub-specialization in fields such as interventional radiology. Slovenia After finishing a six-year study of medicine and passing the emergency medicine internship, MDs can apply for radiology residency. Radiology is a five-year post-graduate programme that involves all fields of radiology with final board exam. Specialty training for interventional radiologyUnited StatesTraining for interventional radiology occurs in the residency portion of medical education, and has gone through developments. In 2000, the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) created a program named "Clinical Pathway in IR", which modified the "Holman Pathway" that was already accepted by the American Board of Radiology to including training in IR; this was accepted by ABR but was not widely adopted. In 2005 SIR proposed and ABR accepted another pathway called "DIRECT (Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Enhanced Clinical Training) Pathway" to help trainees coming from other specialities learn IR; this too was not widely adopted. In 2006 SIR proposed a pathway resulting in certification in IR as a speciality; this was eventually accepted by the ABR in 2007 and was presented to the American Board of Medical Specialities (ABMS) in 2009, which rejected it because it did not include enough diagnostic radiology (DR) training. The proposal was reworked, at the same time that overall DR training was being revamped, and a new proposal that would lead to a dual DR/IR specialization was presented to the ABMS and was accepted in 2012 and eventually was implemented in 2014.[28][29][30] By 2016 the field had determined that the old IR fellowships would be terminated by 2020.[30] A handful of programs have offered interventional radiology fellowships that focus on training in the treatment of children.[31] EuropeIn Europe the field followed its own pathway; for example in Germany the parallel interventional society began to break free of the DR society in 2008.[32] In the UK, interventional radiology was approved as a sub-specialty of clinical radiology in 2010.[33][34] While many countries have an interventional radiology society, there is also the European-wide Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe, whose aim is to support teaching, science, research and clinical practice in the field by hosting meetings, educational workshops and promoting patient safety initiatives. Furthermore, the Society provides an examination, the European Board of Interventional Radiology (EBIR), which is a highly valuable qualification in interventional radiology based on the European Curriculum and Syllabus for IR. See alsoDigital mammography: use of a computer to produce images of the breastGlobal radiology: improving access to radiology resources in poor and developing countriesMedical radiography: the use of ionizing electromagnetic radiation, such as X-rays, in medicineRadiation protection: the science of preventing people and the environment from suffering harmful effects from ionizing radiationRadiologists Without BordersRadiosensitivity: measure of the susceptibility of organic tissues to the harmful effects of radiationX-ray image intensifier: equipment that uses x-rays to produce an image feed displayed on a TV screenInternational Day of Radiology: an awareness day for medical imaging or most of the 20th century, William E.Allen, Jr, MD was a preeminent physician,teacher, organizer, community leader, andhistorian, as well as contributor of service to theNational Medical Association (NMA) (Figure 1). Hispath was not always easy, but he persevered, maintaining his good nature and hard work during hislong, distinguished, and decorated career. Here Irecall some of the highlights and the background ofthe "founding father" (WE. Allen, Jr, MD, writtencommunication, 1972) of the Section on Radiology ofthe NMA.Dr Allen's widow, Para Lee Batts Allen, RN, of StLouis (originally from Waco, TX), is in frail health,but sends her best wishes to the attendees of this lecture. The Allens are childless; however, Dr Allen'snamesake and nephew, William E. Allen, III, whoassisted me in gathering material for this paper, isrepresented here by his son, Stephen, a graduate student in New Orleans.Each of us who knew Dr Allen have fond memories. Invariably those with whom I have talkedrecalled words of encouragement and words of welFrom the Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital MedicalCenter, Cincinnati, OH. Requests for reprints should be addressedto Dr Alan E. Oestreich, Dept of Radiology, Children's HospitalMedical Ctr, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039.come. The twinkle in his eyes (when appropriate)was legendary.Born August 14, 1903 to William E. Allen, Sr andMarion C. Wood Allen, William E. Allen, Jr, MD,grew up with a younger brother, Fred, and a sister,Irma. He attended P.S. 100 in Pensacola, FL, graduating from Booker T. Washington High School in1923.Dr Allen enrolled in Howard University,Washington DC, and received his ROTC commission in 1923 as second lieutenant. He soon joinedthe University Symphony Orchestra, eventuallybecoming concert master-first violin. In 1925, theOrchestra was invited to play on the East Steps ofthe Capitol for the inauguration celebration ofPresident Calvin Coolidge on March 4. The nextday, Dr Allen received a lyres-and-stars award atHoward noon-day chapel exercises.' (Many yearslater, Dr and Mrs Allen would be official invitees tothe Inauguration of President Truman in 1949.)In 1926, he joined the Chi Delta Mu medical, dental, and pharmacy fraternity; 20 years later hebecame an officer (secretary) of the St Louis chapter.In 1927, he received his BS in chemistry fromHoward University. Howard's Phi Beta Kappa wasnot founded until 1958; Dr Allen received his key ofmembership 50 years after graduation in a 1977 ceremony.Dr Allen also received his medical degree in 1930from Howard University. Undergraduate roentgenology was taught by Professor Herbert C. Scurlock,MD, or by B. Price Hurst, MD, the chairman of radiology at Freedmen's Hospital. Howard inaugurated anew medical school building in 1928, and in 1929,tuition was raised from $200 to $250.414 JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, VOL. 91, NO. 7MEDICAL HISTORYDr Allen's internship was spent at St Louis(Missouri) City Hospital #2, an institution whosepatient population was African American. Hereceived a commission as first lieutenant in the USArmy Medical Reserve Corps in 1931. That sameyear, he began his four-year residency in radiologyat City Hospital #2. His chief mentors were LeroySante, MD, and Edgar W. Spinzig, MD. In 1933,during the course of his residency, St Mary'sInfirmary of St Louis began accepting AfricanAmerican patients; Dr Allen was appointed radiologist-in-chief at that time. He almost immediatelyorganized a school of x-ray technology at St Mary's.The first graduate of the program, Rose MariePegues, became the first African American to be registered by the national technologists' registry (afterstrong insistence by the Sisters of St Mary to overcome an exclusionary policy by the registry againstAfrican Americans).In 1934, Dr Allen's application for membershipinto the Radiological Society of North America wasrejected at its annual meeting in Memphis, TN. Noknown African-American radiologist was admittedfor membership until 1939. His reapplication in1947 was deferred until 1948.In 1934, Dr Allen published scientific articles inboth mainstream radiology journals, the AmericanJournal ofRoentgenologe and Radiology,3 as well as inthe Journal of the National Medical AssociationUNMA).4 Many articles would follow through theyears, especially in the JNAL4. At the 1934 AnnualMeeting of the NMA in Nashville, TN, Dr Allen lectured on sponsored research and thorium imagingof the liver and spleen. The research by Dr Allenand his colleague and coauthor, Vaughn C. Payne,Sr, MD, was sponsored by the Sisters of St Mary'sHospital. A classmate at medical school, Dr Paynewas Dr Allen's career-long collaborator in St Louisin radiology practice, teaching, and publication.Also in 1934, Dr Allen began his tenure as chief ofstaff of St Louis' Peoples (formerly Provident)Hospital. In the same year, he lectured to the NMAcomponent medical society in St Louis, the MoundCity Medical Society, on carcinoma of the cervix.Before the American Board of Radiology wasestablished, specialty recognition was bestowed bythe American Medical Association Council onMedical Education and Hospitals. Dr Allen wasdeclared an approved specialist in Radiology inFebruary 1935, becoming the fifth African Americanto be designated among more than 1250 approvedFigure 1. Informal photograph of Dr Allen as it appearedin the official program of this Allen Lecture. (Photographcourtesy of William H. McAlister, MD.)radiologists. Later that year, the American Board ofRadiology gave its first board examinations, and DrAllen was certified in "roentgenology," the onlyAfrican American certified that first year. In 1939, hewas further certified by the board in "radiology." Forthat examination in Detroit, Dr Allen was required totake a hotel's freight elevator, an indignity he recalledvividly in a newspaper interview in 1976.5 Dr Allenwas named First Assistant Radiologist at CityHospital #2 in 1935, having completed his residency.In New Orleans, Dr Allen spoke at the 1936Annual Meeting of the NMA on the fluoroscopicreduction of fractures. He lectured often at theAnnual Meetings, and in mid-October 1981, a fewmonths before his terminal illness became known,he submitted an abstract for a lecture to be given atthe 1982 Annual Meeting.In 1936, he also spoke at the John A. AndrewClinical Society at Tuskegee, AL, giving a slidedemonstration on "the gastrointestinal tract inNegroes." He became chairman of the new NMACommission of Radium and X-rays in 1936.The next year was the first of many that he wasDirector of Exhibits, including Scientific Exhibits, forthe NMA Annual Meeting, a position he filled withhis usual vigor and organizing ability (and for yearsJOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, VOL. 91, NO. 7 415MEDICAL HISTORY::;P!{:|ze^Qn.7olIt1e of XabieIe. -sM311. it... t.. .f t b ...l A4.tk,.,-. i191tUWt fitnj t.i i n . ralnu this de~bU of )i;n. " s.Figure 2. Dr Allen's 1945 certificate of Fellowship in theAmerican College of Radiology. (Photograph courtesy ofthe Allen family.)without any budget allotted). Dr Allen often was oneof the chief scientific exhibitors. After serving inWorld War II, he returned to being Chairman ofNational Scientific Exhibits. In 1937, he was chainnanof the Radiological Advisory Committee for the convention of the American Society of RadiologicTechnologists in St Louis, MO.Dr Allen become the first African-Americanmember of the American College of Radiology in1939, an organization that represents the interests ofall radiologists in the United States. In 1945, hebecame the first African American to be elected tofellowship in that organization (Figure 2). A proudmoment came in 1974 when Dr Allen received theGold Medal of the College, the premier recognitionfor a radiologist in the United States (Figure 3). Noother African American has been so honored.Dr Allen served on the editorial board of theJNM4ain 1939; he served for more than two decadeson the board or the advisory board. At the 1939NMA annual meeting in New York City (at theWorld's Fair), he organized the first annual refreshercourse on x-rays, an annual event that preceded theestablishment of the Section on Radiology.In 1939, Dr Allen was promoted to captain in theArmy reserve. He volunteered for active duty andwas told that there was no place in the military service for a black radiologist. Therefore, the next year,he became battalion surgeon for the 366th infantryin Fort Devens, MA, becoming plans and trainingofficer for the medical detachment. In 1942, whenFort Huachuca (Arizona) Station Hospital #1 (with946 beds) was established for African Americans inthe military, Dr Allen was invited to be its radiologist-in-chief. Initially, the position was denied on thegrounds that the 366th regiment needed him more,but Dr Allen wrote to Dr Byrl Kirklin, the Secretaryof the American Board of Radiology, who convinced the Surgeon General to allow the transfer toFort Huachuca.6 I speculate that Dr Allen had DrKirklin mention the Army's earlier statement abouta place for a black radiologist in the military. AtHuachuca's Station Hospital, Dr Allen trained medical officers in elementary roentgenology for servicein the war zones. In addition, he started and directed an AFS-WAC School for X-ray Technologists (theonly one in the Women's Army Corps for AfricanAmericans). He was promoted to major in 1943.Quotes from two published letters by Dr Allenduring his Huachuca days provide insight to his feelings, activities, and sense of humor. From a 1942 letter to Charles C. Morchand, publisher ofJNMA:[Fort Huachuca, Arizona station hospital] is a hugeplace...new and splendidly equipped. You will pardon my pride in having been selected by theGovernment to head one of the professional divisions. We go over frequently [to Mexico, 40 milesaway], particularly to the bull fights.6From a 1945 letter to Morchand:I am developing into quite a pistol shot, but myattempts so far to ride these cavalry horses have sofar resulted in the horses being far ahead of thegame.7Up until Dr Allen's active duty in World War II,he had been first violin and clarinet in the St LouisLittle Symphony Orchestra and technical advisor tothe Progressive Movie Club.At cessation of hostilities in 1945, Dr Allenreturned to inactive duty, and he was named asRadiologist Consultant to the War Department (onlyone other African American was named a consultant,surgeon Roscoe C. Giles).8 Dr Allen was promoted tolieutenant in 1946, and in 1952, he was transferred tothe US Army Medical Corps Honorary Reserve.Back in St Louis, Dr Allen founded the School ofTechnology at Homer G. Phillips Hospital in 1946.In 1948, his article on medical writing in theJNMAwas published.9 Perhaps as a result, he was electedto membership in the American Medical WritersAssociation the following year. He attended the 25th416 JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, VOL. 91, NO. 7MEDICAL HISTORYanniversary banquet of the American College ofRadiology in Chicago in 1948.A landmark of the Radiology Section and for theNMA, Dr Allen founded and was elected the firstchairman of the Section on Radiology of theNational Medical Association in 1949.In 1955, he became a fellow of the Inter-AmericanCollege of Radiology and was licensed by the USAtomic Energy Commission for the therapeutic useof radioisotopes. The date of his membership in theAmerican Medical Association is not specificallyknown; he was listed as a member and fellow in 1956,but had not been listed as a member in 1950.By the mid-1950s, Dr Allen began receivingnumerous honors including: Homer G. PhillipsAward in 1956; 1962 Special Citation from the StLouis Branch, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and their Special SilverPlaque; Distinguished Public Service Award of the StLouisArgusin 1963; and the 1964 Outstanding ServiceAward of the Homer G. Phillips Hospital InternsAlumni Association and an American Cancer SocietyAward. The NMA presented Dr Allen with the Distinguished Service Award in 1967. He had previouslyserved as vice president of the NMA in 1963.The first time that African-American radiologistswere included in the general history of radiology wasin The Trail ofthe Invisible Light by E.RN. Grigg.10 DrAllen and DrJack Tarleton of Meharry were the principal sources of this material for Dr Grigg, who concluded that Dr Allen was a "leading organizer."In the late 1960s, Dr Allen served on theAmerican College of Radiology's Commission onPublic Relations, becoming chairman in 1970. He wason the Board of Directors of the Missouri chapter ofthe College when he received the American Collegeof Radiology gold medal in 1974.Insight into Dr Allen's career and the emotionsinvolved are contained in an interview with DrAllen that appeared in the St Louis Argus in 1976.5Although he stated, "I'm allergic to publicity,"5 it isclear that Dr Allen allowed his accomplishments tobe made public through the years, if only as a beacon to point the way to young colleagues in thosedifficult times.The William E. Allen,Jr, MD Annual Lecture ofthe Section on Radiology, held on an evening during the annual convention of the NMA, was established by his friends and admirers in the Section tohonor him while he was still active and appreciated.Dr Leslie Alexander, of Brooklyn, delivered the firstFigure 3. Formal portrait of Dr Allen as Gold Medalist ofthe American College of Radiology, 1974. (Photographcourtesy of the Allen family.)lecture in 1978, with the Allens in attendance. AnAllen Lecture has occurred annually since then.More honors continued in these years, including:the library of the Howard University RadiologyDepartment and the Radiotherapy Suite of HomerG. Phillips Hospital were named after Dr Allen in1977, and the Outstanding Service Award of theHoward University College of Medicine was awarded in 1980.In the last months of 1981, Dr Allen suddenlybecame ill, suffering just weeks from stomach cancer(one of the diseases he often treated during hiscareer). Three weeks before his death on December31, 1981, he lectured to medical students atWashington University in St Louis, MO. At his lastNMA function, the midyear meeting of theRadiology Section at the RSNA in Chicago,November 17, he appeared in good spirits and health,giving the usual good advice to "his" organization. DrAllen's funeral on January 6, 1982, was filled withemotion, memory, and praise. He was buried in StPeter's Cemetery.The spirit of William E. Allen, Jr, MD lives on.The chapter on the history of African Americans inradiology was prepared by Dr Allen in 1970 for aJOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, VOL. 91, NO. 7 417MEDICAL HISTORYproposed book by Dr Grigg. Dr Grigg died beforethe book was completed. However, through the special efforts of Dr Nancy Knight, then historian of theAmerican College of Radiology, and in large measure due to the support of dozens of members of theNMA Section on Radiology, Dr Allen's classic opusappeared in 1996 as the first chapter of A CentennialHistory ofAfrican Americans in Radiology.8To close, I quote on my behalf from words of ourlate, dear friend, DrJohn B. Holton, at the close ofhis, the fifth Allen Lecture in 198211:To be permitted to give the Annual William E.Allen, Jr, Lecture is to achieve the highest honorpossible in Black radiology. Therefore, I owe a deepdebt of gratitude to the Section for permitting methis honor, and to you friends of the Section foryour time and attention.

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