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TITLE: TRANSLATION FROM RUSSIAN TO ENGLISH THE BOOK “BLAST EFFECTS CAUSED BY EXPLOSIONS” AUTHORED BY B. GELFAND AND M. SILNIKOV Produced under U.S. Government contract. 250 pages in Adobe Acrobat PDF copied to CD. INTRODUCTION The expected development of criminal situation and the analysis of terrorist activity over the recent years give rise to the necessity of in-depth study of modern methods of application, search, classification, and neutralization of explosive devices (ED). Particular attention must be paid to the prevention of the non-authorized operation and the reduction of destructive consequences of ED [1... 16]. The reason of ED becoming widespread is the availability of the information about the technology of ED manufacturing and application, as well as the data on initial materials and accessories (blocks) for their manufacture in home-craft conditions. For example, originally published in 1971 (and repeatedly republished) in USA the book “The Anarchist Cooking Book” contains the comprehensive technological data and instructions for manufacturing of the simple ED in a kitchen! Criminalistic analysis showed, that significant part of high explosives (HE) and ED used by the terrorists and criminals were really produced at home conditions, and necessary ingredients were freely b ought in the popular shops of chemicals. The following facts can serve as the evidence of wide use of mine-explosive devices in terroristic acts. According to the report of the Ministry of Justice more than 3000 cases of illegal application of ED were registered in 1995 in USA. In Great Britain after covenant with the Irish republican army (IRA) on the discontinuance of fire in Ulster the amount of terroristic acts with the use of ED was not reduced, but even has increased approximately by 15 percents. The number of criminal explosions in Russia sharply increases after the disintegration of USSR. The statistical data show, that ED with small and average energy of explosion (up to 1 kg of TNT equivalent) are mainly used in Western Europe and Russia; in USA - more powerful ED (from 3 up to 5 kg of TNT equivalent). In recent years the terrorists more often use the explosive devices with large weight of HE. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION References CHAPTER 1. EXPLOSION AND EXPLOSIVE PHENOMENA 1.1. Basic concepts 1.2. Energy distribution at explosion Blast wave energy Residual energy in the atmosphere (« waste energy ») Kinetic and thermal energies of the fragments Kinetic energy of the source material Thermal (potential) energy of the source Radiation Distribution of energy in the blast wave 1.3. Propagation of explosion 1.4 Exothermal reactions, thermal explosions and auto-accelerating processes in the condensed media 1.5. Gas and dust explosions 1.6. Characteristics of gas or dust explosion 1.7. «Ideal» explosions 1.8. Basic features of nonideal explosions References to chapter 1 CHAPTER 2. THE BASIC PARAMETERS OF BLAST WAVES FROM CONDENSED HE DETONATION IN AIR 2.1. Initial status 2.2. Parameters of shock waves for free-air explosion 2.3. Shock waves overpressures at air explosion 2.4. Shock waves intensity for ground and above-ground explosions. 2.5. Velocity of blast waves 2.6. Impulse characteristics of blast waves 2.7. Wave perturbations in the homogeneous atmosphere at the far distances from the center of explosion 2.8. Wave perturbations in a non-uniform atmosphere 2.9. Cup formation at explosion 2.10. Sizes of a cloud of explosion products 2.11. Afterburning of detonation products 2.12. Shock waves from non-spherical charges 2.13. Parameters of shock waves at underwater explosion 2.14. Estimation of the explosion parameters References to chapter 2 CHAPTER 3 CRITERIA OF BLAST WAVES DAMAGE 3.1 Interaction of the blast waves with targets 3.2 Dynamics response of the target to the blast loading. 3.3 Critical levels of overpressure. 3.4 Method of Pressure-Impulse diagrams 3.5 Secondary effects 3.6 Effect of bio-object position on the damage caused by blast wave. 3.7 Blast wave effect for people Blast damage of human body. Blast damage of human extremities. Blast damage of human ears 3.8 Expert assessment of blast damage. 3.9 Assessment of shock wave effect on the bio-objects at blasting operations. 3.10 Estimation of the wave critical parameters for window glasses. 3.11 Accident prevention at blasting operations References to chapter 3. CHAPTER 4. ELEMENTARY WAYS OF EXPLOSIVE LOADINGS REDUCTION 4.1. Contact placement of charges in a protective envelops 4.2. Non-contact placement of charges in a protective envelops 4.3. Vacuumization of gaseous medium around of a charge 4.4. Shock waves attenuation by perforated plates 4.5. Shock waves attenuation by screens from granular materials References to chapter 4 CHAPTER 5. APPLICATION OF POROUS SCREENS AND FILLERS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST BLAST LOADINGS 5.1. Effect of the porous screen on blast loadings 5.2. Protection against explosive loadings by porous screens 5.3. Optimization of protective screens. Problem formulation 5.4. Shock waves propagation in porous screens 5.5. Efficiency of blast loading suppression by porous screens 5.6. Optimization of stratified porous screens 5.7. Recommendations for the selection of the stratified screen 5.8. Protection of the human body against explosive loadings by special equipment with use of porous materials References to chapter 5 CHAPTER 6. EFFECTS OF SHOCK WAVES SUPPRESSION BY TWO-PHASE MEDIA 6.1. Relationship of the blast waves parameters and initial conditions of an environment. 6.2. Change of blast loadings parameters by two-phase medium 6.3. Regulation of the blast waves parameters at the charges detonation in various media. 6.4. Attenuation of weak shock waves generated at the detonation of HE charges, placed in gas-contained envelopes 6.5. Basic directions of explosion protection 6.6. Comparative characteristics of two ways of the air shock waves attenuation 6.7. Efficiency of the combined protection 6.8. Attenuation of the air blast waves from HE detonation of charges in a liquid limited elastic envelope 6.9. Checking of the efficiency of the blast loading reduction 6.10. Influence of an elastic envelope on the parameters of air shock wave 6.11. Transformation of the blast waves by the layer of two-phase medium 6.12. Experimental technique and verification 6.13. Results of experiments with gas-liquid screens References to chapter 6 jefffj store
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