1882 Perron map XI'AN, SHENSI, CHINA (#78)

Description: Perron07_078 1882 Perron map XI'AN, SHENSI, CHINA (#78) Nice map titled Le Tsing ling et Singan, from wood engraving with fine detail and clear impression, nice hand coloring. Overall size approx. 17 x 16 cm, image size approx. 11 x 8 cm. From La Nouvelle Géographie universelle, la terre et les hommes, 19 vol. (1875-94), great work of Elisee Reclus. Cartographer is Charles Perron. Xi'an Wade-Giles romanization Hsi-an , also spelled Xian , conventional Sian , historically Chang'an city and capital of Shaanxi sheng (province), north-central China. It is located in the south-central part of the province, at the southern limit of the Loess Plateau. The city site is on a low plain on the south bank of the Wei River. Just to the south the Qin (Tsingling) Mountains rise dramatically above the plain. The Xi'an region is one of the most important in the history of China, both as the capital of several ruling dynasties and as a market and trade centre. Xi'an was the eastern terminus of the Silk Road, the ancient trade route that connected China with the Mediterranean. Pop. (2006 est.) city, 3,094,267; (2007 est.) urban agglom., 4,009,000. Cities have existed in the area since the 11th century BCE. Chang'an Cheng (“Walled City of Chang'an”), built in 202 BCE just northwest of present-day Xi'an, was the capital of the Xi (Western) Han dynasty (206 BCE–25 CE) and was one of the greatest cities of the ancient world. It was largely destroyed during the disturbances that preceded the Xin interregnum of the Han (9–25 CE) perpetrated by Wang Man. The Dong (Eastern) Han dynasty, established in 25, moved its capital east to Luoyang (now in Henan province). For several centuries Chang'an declined, despite its strategic importance to the northwestern non-Chinese (“barbarian”) principalities. It served briefly (311–316 CE) as the capital of the Xi Jin dynasty, but its capture and destruction by the Xiongnu marked the end of organized Chinese control of the region. Several small states made Chang'an their capital during the Sixteen Kingdoms (Shiliuguo) period (303–439), and it was adopted as the capital of the Xi Wei and Bei (Northern) Zhou states in the 6th century. It was revived by the Sui emperors (581–618), who also made it their capital. As the capital of the much longer-lived Tang dynasty (618–907), Chang'an was expanded and divided into three parts—the Palace City; the Imperial City, for the officials; and the Outer City, for artisans and merchants. It soon became one of the most splendid and extravagant cities in the world. The city declined after the downfall of the Tang, though it continued as a market centre and broker of the Central Asian trade. In the 13th century the Venetian adventurer Marco Polo described the city as a thriving trade centre. The popular name Xi'an (“Western Peace”), adopted in 1369 after the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) was established, was later changed to Xijing in 1930 but was restored in 1943. From the 1920s the city was the chief port of entry for communist ideology reaching China from the Soviet Union. In December 1936 the city was the site of the Xi'an (Sian) Incident, which marked the beginning of united Chinese Nationalist and communist resistance against the Japanese. Shaanxi Wade-Giles romanization Shen-hsi , conventional Shensi sheng (province) of north-central China. It is bordered by the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the north, Shanxi province to the east, Henan and Hubei provinces to the southeast, Chongqing municipality and Sichuan province to the south, Gansu province to the west, and the Hui Autonomous Region of Ningxia to the northwest. The Huang He (Yellow River) constitutes Shaanxi's entire eastern border with Shanxi. The capital is Xi'an, in the south-central part of the province. Area 75,600 square miles (195,800 square km). Pop. (2010) 37,327,378.

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